Effects of Population Size on Singing Behavior of a Rare Duetting Songbird

Although the genetic and ecological effects of population declines in endangered species have been well studied, little is known of the social consequences. Changes in signaling behavior may result in disrupted communication and affect both reproductive and conflict‐resolution activities. The North Island Kōkako (Callaeas wilsoni) is an endangered, duetting (i.e., alternating, coordinated singing by mated pairs) songbird endemic to New Zealand temperate rain forests. Scattered populations (approximately 1500 individuals in 13 surviving and 11 translocated populations) in isolated conservation areas of different sizes have been rescued from extirpation and are currently recovering. We examined key song attributes of the Kōkako to assess whether population size or growth rate are related to song complexity, the reduction of which may compromise effective communication. We analyzed song repertoire size and phrase‐type sharing (i.e., Jaccard index of similarity), vocal performance (singing rates, song switching rates, and diversity of phrase types), and song syntactical characteristics (i.e., unpredictability in sequences of phrase types) in surviving and translocated populations (populations of approximately 19–250 territorial individuals). Population size was positively correlated with a population's song repertoire, song diversity, and switching of song phrase types and negatively correlated with shared phrase types and variation in syntactical structure of songs. Population growth rate correlated positively with pair repertoire size, population repertoire size, and singing rates during song bouts. As for solo‐singing species in fragmented landscapes, songs in the fragmented populations of Kōkako appear to be undergoing microevolution as occurs in island colonization events. Our results suggest that vocal changes in small populations could affect population establishment and growth, particularly in multiple‐source translocations. We believe measurement of vocal behavior could be used as a supplement to periodic population censuses to allow more frequent monitoring of population size. Efectos de la Conducta de Canto sobre el Tamaño Poblacional de una Ave Canora Rara     

Road effects on abundance and fitness of Galápagos lava lizards (Microlophus albemarlensis)

Vehicle collisions with wildlife have the potential to negatively impact species everywhere roads divide natural habitats; this is especially true in areas where roads are a recent addition to the landscape (e.g., in the last decade) and/or where expansion of a road network is underway. This study addresses the impact of traffic fatalities on lava lizards, Microlophus albemarlensis, on the island of Santa Cruz, Galápagos. The main road bisecting the island north to south was added to the island beginning in 1974 but not fully paved until 2000. We assessed impacts occurring due to traffic and vehicle speeds on the island. This study adds impacts to lizard populations to those conducted on birds on Santa Cruz, providing a means to create multi-species recommendations. To quantify impacts to lizard populations, we assessed lizards on randomly chosen transects perpendicular to the road. We used Poisson regression to analyze those data and found a 30% increase in lizard abundance per 100 m distance from the road across vegetation zones. We compared incidence of prior tail loss of road-killed lizards and live animals to comment on additional energetic costs of occupying near-road territories. Tail condition could not be assessed in some road-killed lizards; among those that we could assess, 29% showed evidence of prior tail loss. That rate declined to apparent baseline conditions of only 1% beyond 200 m from the road. By traveling the length of the 40-km road, we identified hot spots for fatalities of both lizards and birds to provide necessary information for developing management and remediation strategies. We offer guidance on Best Management Practices, such as testing overpasses, fencing and underpasses, which might reduce vehicle impacts to lizards from drivers on the current road. This information is essential because of a planned increase in the Santa Cruz road network in areas where lava lizards are most abundant.     

唐山月坨列岛自然保护区的开发与保护

根据唐山月坨列岛自然保护区的特点和存在的生态环境问题,提出了保护措施。     

崇明岛开发的自然秉赋与制约

在2l世纪世界环境与发展相互协调的历史背景下，有着自然优势的崇明岛开发成为上海现代化发展第三次飞跃的战略性目标之一。从长江口和崇明岛发育自然和人工控制后自然适应演变规律的历史和现状，探讨实现崇明岛开发的自然秉赋与制约因素，近两千年来长江河口自然演变规律的分析结果表明：弯道侧向环流及其对泥沙的输运对河口沙坝和汉道发育演变以及流域内众多大型工程对河口环流结构的影响研究，将是对长江口综合治理的理论前提，更是崇明岛实现人与自然协调开发的基础。而且，风能、湿地生态功能和岛内沟河网的自然生态功能、湿地生态功能和岛内沟河网的自然生态功能等可再生资源的充分利用可以实现崇明岛的零污染开发和治理。     

Evacuation behavior and Three Mile Island

The responses of the residents to the nuclear power plant arcident at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania illustrate the factors influencing pre-impact coping responses of populations exposed to technological hazards. Confusion itnd ambiguous information influenced both the decision to evaluate and to remain in place. Proximity to the facility, stage in life cycle and the actions of friends and neighbors influenced the decision to evacuate.     

Seabirds as Indicators of Changes in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological Monitoring on Machias Seal Island

Changes in marine ecosystems can be manifested in many different ways, on different temporal and spatial scales. Seabirds are top consumers in marine foodwebs and offer opportunities to detect and assess the biological effects of changes in physical parameters (sea-surface temperature [SST], salinity, depth of thermocline etc.) of the marine ecosystem. We compare six-eight years' of data on the biology (diet, and breeding success) of four species of seabird (arctic tern Sterna paradisaeaand common tern S. hirundo, which feed at the sea surface; and Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica and razorbill Alca torda, which dive 30–60 m for their prey) breeding on Machias Seal Island (MSI) in the Bay of Fundy with both our own meteorological and oceanographic measurements, and with standard measurements from conventional sources. These are compared with fisheries data on changes in the main prey of all the seabirds concerned (juvenile or 0-group herring Clupea harengus) which are the most direct link between the seabirds and the physical properties of the marine system. We explore relationships between seabird productivity and diet, and other aspects of both herring biology (larval surveys, and fat content) and oceanography (SST data from the island, and remotely sensed data from the entrance to the Bay of Fundy). Timing of laying by puffins followed SST variation at neither the local (MSI) nor regional scales, but at the scale of the North Atlantic, following the trend of populations breeding off northern Norway. The proportion of herring in the diet of terns over 6 years varied inversely with herring larval abundance the previous fall; this relationship was not statistically significant in the puffin and razorbill. A major new finding is the considerable (50%) inter-annual variation in the energy density (fat content) of juvenile herring that are the main seabird prey; breeding success of both species of tern varied in parallel with the energy density of juvenile herring in the diet until the last two years of the study, when sandlance (Ammodytes sp.) and euphausid shrimp predominated in the diet. Our long-term research approach combines traditional population monitoring (of numbers of breeding birds) with demographic, behavioural and environmental monitoring, to provide new understanding of the marine ecosystem as well as of seabirds.     

湖北石首天鹅洲湿地旅游资源综合评价

湿地是地球上水陆相互作用形成的独特生态系统,湿地评价能帮助人们更好地开发和利用湿地资源.通过采用多层次分析法(AHP),对湖北天鹅洲湿地旅游资源的价值进行分层、分权重的评价实践,探讨了一种定性与定量相结合的湿地评价方法,为天鹅洲湿地旅游资源的开发强度和可利用潜力提供指导.     

Do Highways Influence Density of Land Birds?

Phylloscopus trochilus ), crossbills (Loxia spp.), and tree pipit (Anthus trivialis). The composition of the bird community did not vary significantly between the compared transects. Some species appeared to favour road–forest edges but this could not be confirmed with our data. These species were not the same as have been reported to favor clear-fellings–mature forest edges. Therefore, the edge effect does not seem to be the most important factor controlling relative bird densities immediately adjacent and further away from highways. The likelihood of avoiding the problems the highways are causing for bird density are been discussed.     

基于旅游生态足迹模型的东山岛旅游可持续发展评价

根据旅游生态足迹的理论、方法以及研究进展，在生态足迹模型的基础上，构建旅游交通、旅游住宿、旅游餐饮、旅游购物和旅游观光等5个子系统所组成的旅游生态足迹模型，计算分析东山岛2005年旅游生态足迹，并与当地居民生态足迹进行比较。结果表明：东山岛2005年旅游生态足迹为4.6183gha，人均生态足迹是当地居民的2.98倍。各子系统人均生态足迹从大至小依次为旅游餐饮0.00390gha，旅游交通0.003848gha，旅游观光0.003165gha，旅游住宿0.00123gha和旅游购物0.00042gha。     

西南极南设得兰群岛纳尔逊岛冰雪的氢氧同位素组成

作者采集了西南极南设得兰群岛纳尔逊岛冰盖的冰雪样,并测得其δD和δO~(18)值分别为-67.8～-75.0‰和-8.72～-8.93‰,进而拟合出δD和δ~(18)O关系大致为δD=8δ~(18)O-1.5。本文从“大陆效应”、“温度效应”、“纬度效应”及降雪过程的同位素动力分馏等方面对所获资料作了讨论。