Controls over soil microbial biomass responses to carbon amendments in agricultural systems: A meta-analysis

Soil microbial biomass (MB) facilitates key ecosystem functions such as soil aggregation and nutrient cycling and makes a substantial contribution to soil organic matter. While agricultural conversion drastically reduces MB, the use of organic amendments is an effective way to rebuild depleted MB. Yet, little is known about broad-scale, global controls over MB responses to organic inputs. We used a meta-analysis to identify the degree to which soil properties, agricultural management, and geographic location regulate MB response (carbon, C_mic; nitrogen, N_mic; and C:N ratio, C:N_mic) to animal manure-based inputs relative to inorganic fertilizers. We show that organic amendments increased C_mic by 36% and N_mic by 27% across all observations. The chemistry of amendments and their application rates were the strongest regulators of C_mic but edaphic properties were also important. C:N_mic averaged 8.6 and was not influenced by organic amendments under any conditions, providing evidence that the physiological requirements of microbes, rather than management or environmental factors, constrain their elemental stoichiometry. Our study indicates that even small quantities of organic amendments can be used to rapidly restore MB across a range of cropping systems but specific responses depend upon the type and rate of inputs as well soil characteristics.     

灰霾天气期间南京气溶胶的化学组成及光学特性研究

利用2013年6月—12月灰霾天气期间南京城郊气溶胶采样结果,研究气溶胶中水溶性离子的特征和相关性;结合同期城区的大气成分逐时观测资料,分析黑碳的日变化及其与气态污染物的关系;运用光学参量计算模型(OPAC)和辐射传输模型(TUV)研究气溶胶的光学特性及辐射强迫。结果表明:发生灰霾天气时南京城郊主要大气污染物是细颗粒,其中SO2-4与NO-3是最主要的水溶性无机盐离子,NO-3/SO2-4质量比较高,呈现硫酸盐和硝酸盐混合型污染特征。黑碳浓度具有明显的日变化特征,呈双峰型结构。灰霾期间硫酸盐气溶胶在大气层顶和地面造成的平均辐射强迫分别为-10.6 W/m2和-10.8 W/m2,黑碳气溶胶在正午大气层顶和地面造成的平均辐射强迫分别为9.12 W/m2和-29.77 W/m2。     

活性炭管吸附气相色谱法测定工作场所中环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷

建立了一种利用活性炭管采样,二硫化碳洗脱,DB-624UI气相色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×1.4μm)进行分离,FID检测器检测的测定环氧丙烷和环氧氯丙烷的气相色谱方法。结果显示,环氧丙烷和环氧氯丙烷在0.5~50 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,方法检出限达到了0.026 mg/m3和0.048 mg/m3(以采集4.5 L空气样品计);环氧丙烷平均解析效率84.84%(RSD=1.770),环氧氯丙烷平均解析效率92.07%(RSD=2.270),适用于工作场所中环氧丙烷和环氧氯丙烷的同时测定。     

SH-A工艺处理煤焦油加工废水的研究

采用"SH-A节能型强化生物脱氮除碳工艺"进行煤焦油加工废水处理的研究,讨论了各个处理环节的运行情况和处理效果。经该工艺对煤焦油加工废水进行处理后,COD、NH-N和矿物油的去除率均可达到98%,色Cr 3度和酚的去除率均可达到99%,氰的去除率可达到95%,各项指标均可达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级。     

碳排放与能源消费和经济增长的灰色关联分析

中国碳排放问题成为世界关注的焦点问题。研究碳排放与经济增长、能源消费关系有助于实现2020年碳减排目标。选取2001～2009年碳排放与能源消费、经济增长数据,运用灰色关联分析模型,分别计算碳排放与能源消费、经济增长的灰色关联度。研究结果表明,无论是从折线的相似程度还是相对于始点变化速率的接近程度来看,碳排放曲线与能源消费曲线、经济增长曲线十分相似,说明碳排放与能源消费、经济增长之间存在紧密联系。     

超滤法从造纸黑液中提取木质素制备活性炭

应用超滤技术从造纸黑液中提取木质素制备活性炭是黑液综合治理的一条新途径，且适合于中、小型造纸厂。经超滤处理过的黑液，ＣＯＤ去除率达到６０％－６５％，ＢＯＤ５去除率达到８０％以上。黑液中木质素提取率达到８０％－８５％，由木质素制成的活性炭得率高，吸附容量大，其主要技术指标均优于沪Ｑ／ＨＧ１１－２２４－８７的标准。     

Adsorptive removal of a synthetic textile dye using cocoa pod husks

The adsorption of a synthetic textile dye (Remazol Brilliant Black Reactive) on cocoa pod husk-based activated carbon was investigated in batch process. The adsorbent prepared was characterized by gas adsorption surface analysis (Brunauer Emmett Teller, BET), scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of initial dye concentration, contact time, solution temperature, and solution pH were evaluated. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models, the first being the best with maximum monolayer coverage of 111?mg?g^?1. Kinetic data were fitted into pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models; the pseudo second-order model provided the best correlation. Maximum adsorption was observed at pH 7. Standard free energy, standard enthalpy, and standard entropy were also calculated. The adsorption interaction was found to be endothermic and spontaneous. Both the mean free energy of adsorption and the activation energy show that the mechanism is by physisorption.     

Heavy metal accumulation in algae and sediments of the Black Sea coast of Turkey

The paper reports heavy metal accumulation in algae collected at four stations and in sediments at three stations on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. The metals analysed are Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sb and Zn. The metal content of algae increased generally (with some exceptions) from 1991 till 1993 in ?ile and Sinop. In the sediments Sb in ?ile, As in Riva, Fe, Zn in Sinop are high. According to these findings the metal pollution increased in Turkish area of the Black Sea during the years investigated.     

Benthic-pelagic coupling in frontal system areas of the Northern Adriatic Sea: Analysis of the carbon budgets

Sediment samples were collected between 1996 and 1998 during 4 cruises in the northern sector of the Adriatic Sea, facing the Po River outflow. In each sampling period, after identification of the front line, a grid of 6 sampling stations was selected in order to cover: the coastal area (largely affected by river waters), the inner and outer front areas, and the offshore waters. The biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter (OM, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and photosynthetic pigments) and enzymatic activity rates were studied to provide information on the potential organic matter turnover. Tentative estimates of the organic carbon budgets (input/production versus requirement by benthic consumers) are presented. Benthic carbon requirements, estimated from bacterial plus meiofaunal secondary production, was high (897 r mg r C r m m 2 r d m 1 ). OM concentrations in the Northern and Middle Adriatic Sea displayed high values, proteins being dominant, thus suggesting inputs of freshly produced material to the sea floor. OM turnover was generally rapid (11-30 r d m 1 ) and higher during summer. The uncoupled enzymatic rates ( i.e. faster protein than carbohydrate mobilisation in February, 1997) determined a decrease of the OM quality that plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles and OM diagenesis, limiting bacterial secondary production and sedimentary organic carbon utilisation. These data suggest that the efficiency of the system in the transfer of energy through the food web is generally higher in summer, especially during mucilage production.     

An Approach for Estimating Soil Carbon Using the National Nutrient Loss Database

Agricultural lands have the potential to contribute to greenhouse gas mitigation by sequestering organic carbon within the soil. Credible and consistent estimates will be necessary to design programs and policies to encourage management practices that increase carbon sequestration. Because a nationwide survey of soil carbon by the wide range of natural resources and management conditions of the United States is prohibitively expensive, a simulation modeling approach must be used. The National Nutrient Loss Database (NNLD) is a modeling and database system designed and built jointly by the USDA– Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and Texas A&M University to provide science-based inferences on environmental impacts from changes in agricultural management practices and programs at the regional and national level. Currently, the NNLD simulates 16 crops and covers 1.35 × 10⁸ ha. For estimating soil carbon sequestration, the database will be populated with 1.5 × 10⁶ field-level model runs using the EPIC (Environmental Policy Impact Calculator) model, which includes newly incorporated carbon equations consistent with those in the Century model. Each run will represent a unique situation defined by state, crop, climate, soil, irrigation type, conservation practice, tillage system, and nutrient management treatment (nutrient rate, application frequency, application timing, and manure category). Results are to be assigned to specific National Resource Inventory points (NRI) to simulate regional and national baselines. In this article we present the modeling approach and discuss the strengths and limitations. Published online