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741.
《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2014,92(1):80-92
Transportation safety is a key aspect of carbon capture and storage (CCS), which is a major technology used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Supercritical CO2 pipelines have been certified as an optimised choice for CO2 transportation. The results of this study show that the Peng–Robinson (PR) equation of state is recommended for analysis of the properties of supercritical CO2. The influence of nonpolar and polar impurities on the two-phase region and the location of the sharp discontinuity in the density are found by analysing the ternary phase equilibrium and physical parameters using the PR equation of state. A transitional area between the supercritical phase and the dense phase, where the density changes abruptly, is defined as the quasi-critical region. This study describes the functional relation between the temperature and the pressure that defines the quasi-critical line by calculating the partial derivative equations and then determines the effect of impurities on the quasi-critical region of transported CO2. Operational recommendations for pipeline transportation of flue CO2 are developed using a pipeline operated by Sinopec as an example, demonstrating the influence of impurities in flue CO2 on saturation pressure for control and prevention of fractures in CO2 pipelines. 相似文献
742.
S. Brnnimann E. Schuepbach P. Zanis B. Buchmann H. Wanner 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2000,34(29-30)
The ozone records of several monitoring stations in Switzerland from 1992 to 1998 are investigated with respect to the variability observed during regional background conditions, i.e. conditions with little detectable local or regional-scale influences as evident by NOx and CO concentrations. The sites cover different altitudes between 490 and 3600 m asl. They are characteristic of near-surface conditions, the top of the planetary boundary layer or residual layer, the complex atmosphere in an alpine valley, and the free troposphere. The results reveal a distinctly different ozone variability (diurnal cycles, seasonal cycles, trends) during regional background conditions compared to all days. The estimated annual average ozone concentration under these conditions is between 33 and 50 ppb, dependent on altitude, with a spring maximum and an autumn/winter minimum. Differences in background ozone are found depending on the synoptic weather type. For all sites a positive ozone trend is calculated for background conditions that is larger than for all data. For the latter, the trends appear to be stronger positive for the last 7 years than for the last 11 years. 相似文献
743.
Jing Xu Jiong Cheng Runtian He Jiaqi Lu Chunling Wang Heng Zhong Fangming Jin 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(10):127
744.
为有效制定城市层面的低碳发展政策,实现碳达峰的发展目标,利用碳卫星2号(OCO-2)监测的高分辨率大气CO2柱浓度数据(XCO2),分析浙江省杭州、宁波和嘉兴3个典型城市的XCO2变化特征,以及人类活动和XCO2变化的关系;识别城市碳排放热点区域,评估碳排放热点源对XCO2的影响,并利用拉格朗日粒子扩散模型(LPDM)进行验证。结果表明:(1)2016—2021年3个城市的XCO2年增长量分别为3.1×10-6,2.3×10-6和2.2×10-6,杭州的增长量最为明显;杭州和宁波在2019—2021年XCO2增量明显,分别为8.0×10-6和5.7×10-6。杭州XCO2的变化趋势与临安大气本底站CO2观测数据的变化趋势一致。(2)与2017年相比,3个城市的建筑用地面积都略有增加,分别增加了0.9%,2.2%和4.8%;从人口和GDP数据来看,2016—2021年3个城市也均呈持续增加的变化趋势。表明CO2浓度升高与人类活动密切相关。(3)XCO2正距平高值区域基本都对应了碳排放热点源(电力企业)的下风向地区,电力企业CO2的排放会导致下风向地区的XCO2出现局地性增长,增量为7×10-6~9×10-6。 相似文献
745.
氙灯曝露试验是非金属材料的耐候性和耐光性测试的主要方法之一,本文着重介绍了氙灯曝露试验的原理、试验条件在当前的氙灯曝露试验设备上的物理实现、主要的氙灯试验标准以及氙灯曝露试验应考虑的因素. 相似文献
746.
We develop a multi-sector business cycle model to analyze stochastic implications of reducing CO2 emissions with carbon permits or with carbon taxes in the presence of multiple sources of macroeconomic uncertainty. The model is calibrated to reflect the U.S. experience. As in previous studies, using a single-sector version of our model, we find that the cap regime generates lower volatility of real variables than the tax regime, but the latter may be preferable from the welfare perspective. Still, our multi-sector analysis points to the importance of the origin of the shocks in the ranking of the two instruments and to the desirability of going beyond a single-sector analysis in evaluating their merits. We find no significant difference between the cap and the tax regimes when shocks come from non-energy sectors. In contrast, the cap has lower volatility but higher welfare costs than the tax for the shocks to energy production. 相似文献
747.
The rapid expansion of the dimension stone and black granite industry in Zimbabwe in the 1990s, a result of increasing domestic and international demand for black granite, has ushered in new challenges and opportunities for producers and beneficiaries alike. This article investigates the social, environmental and economic challenges emanating from the export boom, the economic opportunities presented by the expanding market and the potential role the robust industry could play in regional economic development and poverty alleviation. The article evaluates the long-term sustainability of the dimension stone industry and recommends the reinvestment of revenues into diversification of the regional economic base, upgrading of local infrastructure, further processing of rough stone before export and encouragement of micro-businesses to enhance sustainability. The author argues for modification of economic incentives to incorporate environmental and social objectives in order to enhance sustainability. The need for a holistic approach to policies affecting the exploitation, processing and marketing of granite resources and their products is recognized. More research on the operations of the industry is called for. 相似文献
748.
Russian Journal of Ecology - 相似文献
749.
Z. Krivcsy A. Hoffer Zs. Srvri D. Temesi U. Baltensperger S. Nyeki E. Weingartner S. Kleefeld S. G. Jennings 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2001,35(36):3569
The mass concentrations of inorganic ions, water-soluble organic carbon, water-insoluble organic carbon and black carbon were determined in atmospheric aerosol collected at three European background sites: (i) the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (high-alpine, PM2.5 aerosol); (ii) K-puszta, Hungary (rural, PM1.0 aerosol); (iii) Mace Head, Ireland (marine, total particulate matter). At the Jungfraujoch and K-puszta the contribution of carbonaceous compounds to the aerosol mass was higher than that of inorganic ions by 33% and 94%, respectively. At these continental sites about 60% of the organic carbon was water soluble, 55–75% of the total carbon proved to be refractory and a considerable portion of the water soluble, refractory organic matter was composed of humic-like substances. At Mace Head the mass concentration of organic matter was found to be about twice than that of nonsea-salt ions, 40% of the organic carbon was water soluble and the amount of highly refractory carbon was low. Humic-like substances were not detected but instead low molecular weight carboxylic acids were responsible for about one-fifth of the water-soluble organic mass. These results imply that the influence of carbonaceous compounds on aerosol properties (e.g. hygroscopic, optical) might be significant. 相似文献
750.
R. G. Derwent D. B. Ryall S. G. Jennings T. G. Spain P. G. Simmonds 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2001,35(36)
Continuous measurements of black carbon aerosol (BCA) at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ireland show the occurrence of dramatically elevated concentrations when regionally polluted air masses are advected to the station. These occurrences correlate well with similar elevations in carbon monoxide and a wide range of other trace gases monitored near-simultaneously with the BCA. Using daily sector allocation and a sophisticated Lagrangian dispersion model, two independent estimates of the European emission source strength of BCA that are required to explain the Mace Head observations have been made. The best estimates of the UK and European emission source strengths of BCA are 46±14 and [(482–511)±140]×103 tonnes yr−1, respectively, and these estimates compare favourably with published inventories, at least to within ±25%, though they are considerably smaller than the emissions employed in some early global climate model studies. 相似文献