甘家湖荒漠林区生态恢复工程的影响因素及其环境效益评价

主要从生态恢复方面对甘家湖荒漠林区的恢复措施及其所产生的环境效益、社会效益及综合效应进行论证，分析甘家湖荒漠林区目前的状况及采取恢复措施后所能达到的效果。     

西藏昌都地区“三江”流域林业资源综合开发利用的探讨——以“三江”流域六县为例

论述了西藏昌都地区“三江”流域６县的林业资源，并对其进行了深入分析，提出了以保护为主，综合开发利用和管理的设想。     

恐龙之乡川南游

川南地区，历史悠久，文化灿烂，风光优美，是四川的精品旅游路线之一。自贡的恐龙群窟，堪称世界奇观。盐都自贡僰海井，是中华民族智慧的结晶。万里长江第一城的宜宾，风景秀丽。珙县石碑龙，具有极高的旅游价值和重大的学术意义，僰人悬棺，是世界上最大的悬棺群。兴文石海洞乡是不可多得的喀斯特公园，其洞穴与漏斗都是世界级的，独具一格的景观配置，构成了一幅世界上极为壮观、极为独特的自然奇观。蜀南竹海更以其浩瀚的翠绿、万壑的柔情，无比的峻秀，给恐龙之乡增添了无比的美丽，无穷的魅力。     

The importance of agricultural lands for Himalayan birds in winter

The impacts of land‐use change on biodiversity in the Himalayas are poorly known, notwithstanding widespread deforestation and agricultural intensification in this highly biodiverse region. Although intact primary forests harbor many Himalayan birds during breeding, a large number of bird species use agricultural lands during winter. We assessed how Himalayan bird species richness, abundance, and composition during winter are affected by forest loss stemming from agriculture and grazing. Bird surveys along 12 elevational transects within primary forest, low‐intensity agriculture, mixed subsistence agriculture, and intensively grazed pastures in winter revealed that bird species richness and abundance were greatest in low‐intensity and mixed agriculture, intermediate in grazed pastures, and lowest in primary forest at both local and landscape scales; over twice as many species and individuals were recorded in low‐intensity agriculture than in primary forest. Bird communities in primary forests were distinct from those in all other land‐use classes, but only 4 species were unique to primary forests. Low‐, medium‐, and high‐intensity agriculture harbored 32 unique species. Of the species observed in primary forest, 80% had equal or greater abundance in low‐intensity agricultural lands, underscoring the value of these lands in retaining diverse community assemblages at high densities in winter. Among disturbed landscapes, bird species richness and abundance declined as land‐use intensity increased, especially in high‐intensity pastures. Our results suggest that agricultural landscapes are important for most Himalayan bird species in winter. But agricultural intensification—especially increased grazing—will likely result in biodiversity losses. Given that forest reserves alone may inadequately conserve Himalayan birds in winter, comprehensive conservation strategies in the region must go beyond protecting intact primary forests and ensure that low‐intensity agricultural lands are not extensively converted to high‐intensity pastures.     

The contribution of policy,law, management,research, and advocacy failings to the recent extinctions of three Australian vertebrate species

Extinctions typically have ecological drivers, such as habitat loss. However, extinction events are also influenced by policy and management settings that may be antithetical to biodiversity conservation, inadequate to prevent extinction, insufficiently resourced, or poorly implemented. Three endemic Australian vertebrate species—the Christmas Island pipistrelle (Pipistrellus murrayi), Bramble Cay melomys (Melomys rubicola), and Christmas Island forest skink (Emoia nativitatis)—became extinct from 2009 to 2014. All 3 extinctions were predictable and probably preventable. We sought to identify the policy, management, research, and other shortcomings that contributed to their extinctions or failed to prevent them. These included a lack within national environmental legislation and policy of explicit commitment to the prevention of avoidable extinctions, lack of explicit accountability, inadequate resources for conservation (particularly for species not considered charismatic or not of high taxonomic distinctiveness), inadequate biosecurity, a slow and inadequate process for listing species as threatened, recovery planning that failed to consider the need for emergency response, inability of researchers to identify major threatening factors, lack of public engagement and involvement in conservation decisions, and limited advocacy. From these 3 cases, we recommend: environmental policy explicitly seeks to prevent extinction of any species and provides a clear chain of accountability and an explicit requirement for public inquiry following any extinction; implementation of a timely and comprehensive process for listing species as threatened and for recovery planning; reservation alone not be assumed sufficient to maintain species; enhancement of biosecurity measures; allocation of sufficient resources to undertake actions necessary to prevent extinction; monitoring be considered a pivotal component of the conservation response; research provides timely identification of factors responsible for decline and of the risk of extinction; effective dissemination of research results; advocacy by an informed public for the recovery of threatened species; and public involvement in governance of the recovery process. These recommendations should be applicable broadly to reduce the likelihood and incidence of extinctions.     

衡山酸性云水对森林冠层的作用

利用现场同步采样的方式采集并分析了衡山山顶针叶、阔叶林冠层云水和纯云水样品。比较表明这三类样品的化学组成有很大差别。与云水比较,针叶林冠层云水酸度增加,说明针叶林冠层可放出酸性物质,增加云水的酸度;而阔叶林冠层云水则相反,对云水中的酸有中和作用。在酸性云水作用下,森林冠层被淋失一定的营养物质,这将对植物的生长发育构成危害。同时,研究还表明植物等天然源排放出的有机酸可对云水体系构成一定影响。      

试论西藏一江两河地区综合防护林体系建设

本文通过林业建设环境分析、论证,提出一江两河地区综合防护林体系建设的战略构想:在认真保护、科学经营现有森林资源的基础上,以拉萨河、雅鲁藏布江中段、年楚河谷地为主线,重点建设沿江防护林带,构成防护林体系的主要骨架;在河谷农田草场加速防护林网建设,完成防护林体系的网络结构;依土地条件积极营造薪炭林,适当发展用材林和四旁植树(含林卡和经济果树等),完善防护林体系的带网片结,建立起我国高原最大的综合防护林体系,保护好地理环境独特的高寒农业区和“世界第三极”。     

江西九连山常绿阔叶林下土壤的物理性质、水分状况及水源涵养能力的初步研究

我们在江西省九连山自然保护区对山地常绿阔叶林下的土壤进行了土壤物理性质和土壤水分季节动态的测定(一年连续),并据此对其水源涵养能力进行了初步分析。这种土壤具有良好的物理性质,质地主要为壤质粘土和粘壤土,容重小(0.88—1.29),孔隙度大(51.7—65.4％),透水速度快(17.4—142.8ml/min),最大持水量高(占容积50.6—58.2％)。土壤排水良好,水分充足。水分含量一年中绝大部分时间在30％以上。变动范围:0—15cm土层,26—56％;15—30cm土层,26—45％;30—50cm土层,26—45％。我们用透水速度和最大持水量来分析其水源涵养能力,并与丘陵红壤进行比较。结果是:土壤的透水能力为丘陵红壤的3—5倍;贮水能力为丘陵红壤的138—145％;吸收雨水能力为丘陵红壤的219％。     

浅析林区锅炉检验工作遇到的问题及解决办法

依据长期的工作实践,指出林区锅炉检验工作中经常遇到的问题,并针对性地给出了相应的解决办法。     

Extending the EU Renewable Energy Directive sustainability criteria to solid bioenergy from forests

Solid bioenergy from forests plays — and is expected to continue to play — a key role to fulfil the renewable energy targets at the European Union level. When the Renewable Energy Directive was enacted, sustainability criteria were incorporated solely for biofuels and bioliquids. Sustainability criteria for solid bioenergy are also needed in order to prevent wood and primary forest residues from posing additional environmental risks to ecosystems. Acknowledging this, the European Commission has been working on extending the biofuels and bioliquids provisions to solid biomass. An internal draft was circulated in August 2013 which addressed the ways to both balance and mitigate the risks in three main topics: biodiversity; sustainable forest management; and greenhouse gases. This paper presents a set of criteria and indicators, developed during workshops with experts from Governments, scientific institutions, businesses and NGOs, that may be considered by the EU to assure that solid biomass from forests is obtained in an environmentally sustainable way.