水体中黑碳对斑马鱼胚胎的生长发育危害识别

黑碳(BC)是含碳物质不完全燃烧后产生的残留物,广泛分布于水体、土壤和大气中,目前对于BC对水生生物的生态效应研究还十分有限。通过燃烧煤油获得BC,以斑马鱼胚胎为模式生物,研究了质量浓度分别为0,0.05,0.5和5 mg/L的BC悬浮溶液对斑马鱼早期生命阶段的生长发育毒性。结果表明,煤油源BC对斑马鱼具有明显的毒性作用,与对照组相比,BC暴露明显增加了斑马鱼的死亡率和心率,显著降低了孵化率和体长,导致斑马鱼形态畸形并且畸形率呈浓度依赖性。5mg/L的BC对斑马鱼的各项生长发育指标影响并非是最大的,可能与BC颗粒在水溶液中的聚集有关。该研究为BC在水生环境中的危害识别提供实验依据。     

Heavy metal accumulation in algae and sediments of the Black Sea coast of Turkey

The paper reports heavy metal accumulation in algae collected at four stations and in sediments at three stations on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. The metals analysed are Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sb and Zn. The metal content of algae increased generally (with some exceptions) from 1991 till 1993 in ?ile and Sinop. In the sediments Sb in ?ile, As in Riva, Fe, Zn in Sinop are high. According to these findings the metal pollution increased in Turkish area of the Black Sea during the years investigated.     

Adsorptive removal of a synthetic textile dye using cocoa pod husks

The adsorption of a synthetic textile dye (Remazol Brilliant Black Reactive) on cocoa pod husk-based activated carbon was investigated in batch process. The adsorbent prepared was characterized by gas adsorption surface analysis (Brunauer Emmett Teller, BET), scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of initial dye concentration, contact time, solution temperature, and solution pH were evaluated. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models, the first being the best with maximum monolayer coverage of 111?mg?g^?1. Kinetic data were fitted into pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models; the pseudo second-order model provided the best correlation. Maximum adsorption was observed at pH 7. Standard free energy, standard enthalpy, and standard entropy were also calculated. The adsorption interaction was found to be endothermic and spontaneous. Both the mean free energy of adsorption and the activation energy show that the mechanism is by physisorption.     

Influence of macroalgal diversity on accumulation of radionuclides and heavy metals in Bulgarian Black Sea ecosystems

Radionuclides and heavy metals were studied in green, brown and red Black Sea macroalgae by low-level gamma spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. The samples were collected along the whole Bulgarian coast from 1996 to 2004. The levels have been depending on algae species, locations and year of sampling. The highest ¹³⁷Cs levels were found in red Ceramium rubrum species from all studied locations, while ²²⁶Ra and ²¹⁰Pb were up to three orders of magnitude higher in Bryopsis plumosa. The data showed that the red algae species (Rhodophyta) accumulate more heavy metals than the other phyla (except for Fe whose values were higher in green algae). The data confirmed that algae are valuable indicators of the environmental contamination. The observed elevated levels were mainly due to Danube, Dnieper and Dnester inputs in the NW corner of the Black Sea.     

Physiological and behavioral aspects of Calanus euxinus females (Copepoda: Calanoida) during vertical migration across temperature and oxygen gradients

 In the Black Sea, during summer stratification, Calanus euxinus (Hulsemann) undertakes diel vertical migrations with an amplitude of about 117 m from oxygenated, warm (18 °C) surface layers to hypoxic (∼0.8 mg O₂ l⁻¹) zones with lower temperature (7.9 °C). When such changes in temperature and oxygen concentration are reproduced in the laboratory, total metabolism, basal metabolism and scope of activity of copepods decrease 7.2, 7.8 and 6.7 times, respectively, while the frequency of locomotory acts and mechanical power decline 3.4- and 9.5-fold, respectively. These changes allowed the copepods to conserve a significant portion of food consumed near the surface for transformation to lipid reserves. Diel respiratory oxygen consumption of migrating individuals, calculated so as to include actual duration of residence in layers with different temperature and oxygen concentrations, is estimated at 17.87 μg O₂ ind⁻¹. The net energy cost of vertical migration made up only 11.6% of the total. Copepods expend 78.6% of diel energy losses during approximately 10 h in the surface layers, while about 5.4% is required during about 9 h at depth. Hypoxia is shown to have a significant metabolic advantage during diel vertical migrations of C. euxinus in the Black Sea. Received: 1 October 1999 / Accepted: 11 July 2000     

An improved user-based beach climate index

In many coastal resort areas of the world, it is likely that optimal climatic conditions for beach use might occur outside the peak of the tourist season. Investigation of this issue together with associated publicity might help to spread the tourism load and hence reduce undesirable social and environmental effects of extreme seasonality in tourist demand. For this to take place, better knowledge of beach user preferences in terms of climate and bathing water temperature is required. Questionnaire surveys were carried out in Wales, Malta and Turkey to establish the preferences of north European beach users for thermal sensation and bathing water temperature, plus priority levels for other climatic attributes. A user-based beach climate index based on these preferences and priorities was formulated. Linkage was made between the user-generated ratings for various climatic conditions and published climate data to evaluate most major Euro-Mediterranean/Black Sea and a range of other beach tourism areas on a month-by-month basis. Results showed excessively hot thermal sensation in many southern and eastern Mediterranean coastal destinations during July and August, the present peak of the beach tourism season. Highest preference was given to water temperatures rather lower than those found in these areas during late summer. Many long haul coastal destinations popular with north European visitors had similar unpleasant thermal sensations over several months. Uncertainties and deficiencies still exist with the system, but from the point of view of north European beach users the final scores generated in this study may be regarded as good approximations of the quality of resort area climates for sedentary beach use.     

白腐菌处理造纸黑液工艺研究

研究了白腐菌变异前后对木质素降解效果及脱色率的影响，探索了水解酸化结合白腐菌挂膜工艺处理造纸黑液的可行性。     

超滤法从造纸黑液中提取木质素制备活性炭

应用超滤技术从造纸黑液中提取木质素制备活性炭是黑液综合治理的一条新途径，且适合于中、小型造纸厂。经超滤处理过的黑液，ＣＯＤ去除率达到６０％－６５％，ＢＯＤ５去除率达到８０％以上。黑液中木质素提取率达到８０％－８５％，由木质素制成的活性炭得率高，吸附容量大，其主要技术指标均优于沪Ｑ／ＨＧ１１－２２４－８７的标准。     

桂林毛村岩溶区三种亚类石灰土有机碳矿化研究

应用土壤培养法,比较分析了桂林毛村典型岩溶区黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、红色石灰土三种亚类石灰土在25℃和70%田间饱和含水量条件下培养90d有机碳矿化速率的差异。结果显示:各亚类土壤有机碳矿化速率和累积释放CO2-C量总体上都随土层加深而递减。0～20cm至20～40cm层递减幅度最大。各亚类石灰土有机碳矿化速率和累计释放量的大小顺序为:黑色石灰土>棕色石灰土>红色石灰土,黑色石灰土的矿化速率远远大于棕色石灰土和红色石灰土,其中0～20cm土层差异最大。土壤有机碳矿化速率和有机碳含量呈正相关。黑色石灰土土壤有机碳矿化释放的CO2-C分配比例最高,达到3.33%,其次是红色石灰土,比例为2.92%,旱地棕色石灰土矿化比例最低,为1.90%,说明桂林毛村典型岩溶区黑色石灰土和红色石灰土有机碳稳定性较弱,旱地棕色石灰土具有较强的固定有机碳能力。     

广州城区冬季黑碳气溶胶污染特征及其来源初探

于2007年12月至2008年2月利用黑碳(Aethalometer)和气体在线现测仪(Thermo 42i型二氧化硫、43i型氮氧化物争49i型臭氧分析仪)和MAWS自动气象站获得了大气细粒子中每5分钟黑碳气溶胶(BC)浓度,每1小时SO2、NO2、NO和O3浓度和风速、风向等气象因子观测数据.结果发现,黑碳日均值浓度值为10.5±7.7 μg/m3,浓度变化范围为2.7～34.8 μg/m3.非降雨期BC有相对明显的两个峰值和一个谷值;降雨期BC昼间呈单调上升,夜间呈单调降低.通过对BC与气体污染物相关性分析并结合城市污染源分布,发现BC的最主要来源是工业燃煤和机动车尾气排放.