Synthesis and application of lignin-based copolymer LSAA on controlling non-point source pollution resulted from surface runoff

In this article,alkali lignin separated from paper pulp waste was grafted into a novel copolymer LSAA (a copolymer of lignin,starch, acrylamide,and acrylic acid).Its practical application effect and environmental safety were studied.The results of field simulation experiment indicated that the application of LSAA significantly affected the output of the runoff and pollutants.The runoff quantity was decreased by 16.67%-47.00%and the loads of total suspended solids (TSS),chemical oxygen demand (COD),total ...     

Biodegradation of thermally synthesized polyaspartate

Polyaspartate synthesized using thermal methods (thermal polyaspartate; TPA) has been shown to have dispersant and crystallization inhibition activities. These activities suggest that the polymer may be used in water treatment and paper processing and as a detergent and paint additive. The commercial potential for TPA is enhanced by the fact that it may be synthesized on a large scale. Therefore, a study of the biodegradation of the polymer was undertaken. TPA was produced by hydrolysis of a polysuccinimide synthesized by dry thermal polymerization of aspartic acid. The resulting polymer was a poly(,-dl-aspartate) having a 70% structure and containing a racemic mixture of aspartic acid. TPA was incubated with both dilute effluent and activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. Low-biomass effluent experiments showed changes in molecular size of TPA concomitant with oxygen demand induced by the polymer, suggesting susceptibility of TPA to at least partial biodegradation. Low-biomass sludge experiments (SCAS, modified Sturm) yielded approximately 70% mineralization of 20 mg L^–1 TPA by 28 days, suggesting that a significant portion of the polymer was labile. High-biomass sludge experiments using¹⁴C-TPA at 1 mg L^–1 revealed approximately 30% mineralization and 95% total removal of TPA carbon from solution in 23 days, with most of the mineralization and removal taking place in less than 5 days. Additional short-term studies using a variety of particulate substrates, including activated sludge, confirmed that TPA is subject to removal from solution by adsorption. From these studies with labeled TPA, it was concluded that TPA is subject to rapid removal and at least partial degradation in a wastewaster treatment plant. Using gel and thin-layer chromatography, it was determined that at least part of the unmineralized residue from the high biomass assays was polyaspartate. It is speculated that the unusual structure of TPA compared to natural proteins may limit the rate of proteolysis of the polymer and thus its overall degradation rate.     

Evaluation of design alternatives for sewing scissors with respect to hand performance,discomfort and usability

The effects of three re-designed models of sewing scissors on hand performance measures, discomfort and usability were investigated, and the results were compared with those of conventional scissors. Adjustments were made to the scissors handle with emphasis on more neutral wrist postures (bent handle - model A), correction of the thumb's position and movements (model B) and reducing hand/finger discomfort (model C) while working with the tool. The results showed some improvements in hand performance, muscular effort, usability and discomfort with model B compared to the conventional model. Better hand performance and usability and lower discomfort were recorded with model C compared to the conventional model. The results suggest that the correction of the thumb's position and movement (model B) or even reduced hand/finger discomfort (model C) are perhaps more important considerations in scissors design than improved wrist posture (model A) for improving users' performance and usability of the tool.     

天然蛋白杂化硅溶胶阻燃棉织物的制备及燃烧性能分析

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体、乙醇(C_2H_5OH)为溶剂、盐酸(HCl)为催化剂,1-γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)为偶联剂制备SiO_2单一、复合和明胶(C_(102)H_(151)O_(39)N_(31))杂化溶胶,利用激光粒度仪对溶胶粒径进行测定。采用浸渍-烘焙过程将溶胶后整理棉织物。利用热重分析(TG)、极限氧指数(LOI)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR)对整理前后棉织物热解特性、阻燃性能、表面微观形貌、表面元素组成和官能团分布进行测试和表征,探讨明胶杂化溶胶阻燃效应和机理。结果发现:溶胶粒径分布表明纳米SiO_2-KH570-明胶之间发生了化学键紧密结合,缩合生成Si-O-Si和氢键;SEM、FTIR和XPS分析表明具有明胶杂化组分的硅基溶胶在织物表面形成紧密涂层,呈现一定化学结合状态;TG分析表明,该结合状态对热稳定性影响显著,杂化溶胶后整理织物热解残炭率较原始棉织物提高872%,SiO_2-KH570和SiO_2-明胶复合溶胶体系间存在协效性;LOI分析表明,SiO_2-KH570-明胶杂化溶胶阻燃效应最佳,LOI最高为25.2,对应ΔLOI/Δm最高为4.80 g~(-1),SiO_2单一溶胶和明胶及SiO_2-KH570复合溶胶和明胶间体现明显协同效应;明胶可单方面提升SiO_2单一溶胶及SiO_2-KH570复合溶胶的凝胶化效应,促进三维微观骨架涂层结构形成,提升燃烧过程中棉织物脱水成炭作用。     

袋式与电袋复合除尘器的粉尘排放影响因子研究

袋式和电袋复合除尘器的粉尘排放来自于三个方面:透过滤料的粉尘及滤袋缝线处的粉尘和除尘器本体上泄漏点的粉尘。一般人们多注重滤料的捕集效率,而对其他2类粉尘泄漏源的研究较少,尤其是对滤袋缝线的粉尘泄漏影响几乎没有研究。通过大量的实验室试验数据和数值模拟计算,分析了这3种泄漏源对除尘器粉尘排放的影响程度,在此基础上,提出了粉尘要达到"超低排放"时应该采取的主要技术措施。     

纤维布袋除尘器高温下干法脱硫研究

论述了高温条件下布袋除尘器中喷入碱性固体物质（Ca(OH)2)脱硫的反应机理。分析了喷射阶段、过滤阶段烟温对脱硫过程发生的各种反应的影响；总结了在布袋除尘器应用不同脱硫剂的脱硫效果。     

利用水生植物水花生制备高吸水性树脂

以水生植物水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides,空心莲子草)和丙烯酸为接枝共聚原料,通过自由基反应制备高吸水性树脂,对接枝聚合物进行FTIR、SEM的结构表征,同时对影响吸水树脂性能的因素进行优化。当水花生干粉用量10 g时,优化条件如下:活化温度为35℃,丙烯酸单体与水花生干粉质量比为6:1,丙烯酸中和度为56%,引发剂过硫酸钾的用量为单体质量的1%,交联剂N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺用量为单体质量的0.075%,引发温度为65℃。在此优化条件下制备的吸水性树脂吸水性能最好,对去离子水吸水倍数达到442 g/g。     

新型消防员隔热防护服外层面料结构及加工

本文描述了一种新型消防员隔热防护服的外层面料。面料的结构由铝箔、聚酯膜和基布组成。通过对铝箔复合、涂胶等加工方法的摸索试验,试制了新型消防员隔热防护服的外层面料。     

利用大型蚤和斑马鱼评价腈纶废水好氧-厌氧处理过程的急性毒性和遗传毒性变化

腈纶废水毒性较强且难以去除,对腈纶废水毒性及污水处理过程毒性削减能力进行评价,可为开发该类废水毒性减排技术提供科学依据。利用大型蚤及斑马鱼评价某腈纶废水的急性毒性和遗传毒性,及厌氧-好氧工艺对该废水毒性的削减能力。采用大型蚤活动抑制率和斑马鱼致死率表征废水急性毒性,采用斑马鱼肝细胞彗星尾矩表征废水遗传毒性。腈纶废水处理前对大型蚤和斑马鱼的急性毒性单位(TU)分别为1.2和2.9,经厌氧-好氧工艺处理后分别降至0.4和0.5。遗传毒性结果表明腈纶废水对斑马鱼肝细胞造成DNA损伤作用,经处理后遗传毒性仍显著高于阴性对照组。理化指标与毒性指标相关性分析表明,该废水氨氮与毒性显著相关,推测氨氮可能是该废水中的重要致毒因子之一。研究结果表明该腈纶废水采用现有厌氧-好氧工艺无法有效削减毒性,对受纳水体水生态环境造成潜在危害。     

户外耐烃类火灾膨胀型隧道防火涂料的制备及性能研究

针对隧道防火要求,开发一种可用于户外环境下保护隧道混凝土结构的耐烃类火灾的NPD型膨胀隧道防火涂料,并对硅丙乳液和纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)用量对涂料性能的影响进行了讨论。结果表明:硅丙乳液和纳米TiO2的加入提高了防火涂料的粘结强度和耐水性能,其中分别添加质量百分数为25%、09%的硅丙乳液和纳米TiO2后涂料的性能达到最优。添加质量百分数为25%硅丙乳液后,涂料的粘结强度和耐水极限分别达到020MPa和14天;而添加09%的纳米TiO2后涂料的粘结强度提高到035MPa,耐水极限达到24天,耐火