进水中碳水化合物分子大小对污泥沉降性能的影响

为弄清楚碳水化合物分子大小和污泥沉降性能之间的影响关系,在3个序批式系统中,分别以颗粒型淀粉、溶解型淀粉和葡萄糖为碳源,考察了长期运行中系统的污泥沉降性能和处理能力.结果证明:碳水化合物分子越小,活性污泥对环境的变化越敏感,当运行条件不利时越容易引发污泥膨胀问题;大分子碳源吸附于絮体内部能够提高污泥的沉降性能;糖类作碳源时,活性污泥的PHA贮存量约为0.6mmol C/L,但系统SVI仍然能够维持在150mL/g以下;胞外聚合物中多糖与蛋白质(C/P)的比值与污泥的SVI呈正相关性,SVI从100mL/g增长到600mL/g,C/P比从0.248增长到1.201;以颗粒型淀粉、溶解型淀粉和葡萄糖为碳源时,系统的优势丝状菌分别为Type 0041、M. parvicella和S. natans;进水以葡萄糖作单一碳源时,系统的除磷能力能达到80%以上.     

Awareness of zero tolerance laws in three states

PROBLEM: A prior study indicated that zero tolerance laws differ in their enforceability and likelihood of enforcement, with California's law being easier to enforce than New York's, and New Mexico's being the hardest of all. The question is, do these differences in enforcement affect teenagers' knowledge and perception of these laws? METHOD: A telephone survey was conducted to investigate awareness of the laws among 17-20 year olds in these three states and perceptions of enforcement. RESULTS: Estimated percentages of teenagers who knew of the laws were much higher in New York and California (71% and 65%, respectively) than in New Mexico (34%). Perceptions that police were enforcing the law, that licenses could be suspended, and that penalties were often applied were also lowest in New Mexico. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The potential of zero tolerance laws will not be realized without better awareness among young people. Full enforcement of the laws accompanied by publicity about the enforcement is recommended. Changes to the laws and their application may encourage enforcement efforts.     

淹水与非淹水条件下外源水铁矿和葡萄糖对土壤磷有效性的短期影响

土壤中活性铁氧化物含量及其对土壤磷生物有效性的影响与施用有机肥有关,但外源添加活性铁氧化物和有机物对土壤有效磷含量的影响并不清楚.通过室内培养实验,研究了在淹水和非淹水条件下外源水铁矿和葡萄糖对土壤中植物有效磷(SAP)含量的影响.利用同步辐射红外显微成像技术原位探索了微域内铁和磷的空间关系.研究结果表明,在培养192 h内无论是添加水铁矿或葡萄糖或二者同时添加均会使SAP含量显著下降且呈持续下降趋势.在淹水和非淹水条件下单施水铁矿处理SAP含量分别下降30.9%和25.8%,单施葡萄糖SAP分别下降40.5%和26.8%,而同时施加水铁矿与葡萄糖处理SAP分别下降61.5%和45.3%.因此,同时施加外源水铁矿和葡萄糖对淹水条件下SAP含量影响更大.同步辐射红外显微成像分析结果表明,无论是添加水铁矿还是葡萄糖或二者同时添加,都会通过改变微区内铁和磷的空间分布打破原来土壤中铁磷相互作用平衡.上述研究结果对于土壤磷养分管理和磷面源污染控制具有重要参考价值和应用潜力.     

矿物尘粒与人体正常细菌相互作用的机制

研究了4种天然及4种人工硅酸盐尘粒与人体的正常细菌大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌相互作用的机制.测定了矿物粉尘与大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌作用后的细菌数量、葡萄糖(GLU)消耗量及14种主要阳离子的浓度变化.结果表明,各种粉尘的主要化学组成各不相同,含钙的水泥尘粒以及含镁高的水镁石均能引起大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌的细菌数量、葡萄糖消耗量增加;各矿物粉尘均不能引起培养基Ti⁴⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺、K+、Na+、Ba²⁺、P⁵⁺浓度的变化,而能引起Mn²⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Si⁴⁺、Fe³⁺、Al³⁺、Ni³⁺浓度不同的变化;含Ca²⁺或Mg²⁺高的碱性矿物尘粒能促进细菌的生长代谢.     

Fetal blood group studies during mid-trimester pregnancy and the management of severe isoimmunization

Fetal blood samples collected at 14–22 weeks' gestation by fetoscopy have been analysed for 25 different red cell antigens and anti-A antibodies. The results obtained demonstrate that the technique can be used to determine fetal blood groups during mid-pregnancy and also to provide the opportunity to study the physiological and pathological developments of blood groups and their antibodies and to manage more rationally those pregnancies threatened by erythroblastosis fetalis.     

2,4-二硝基酚厌氧生物降解动力学研究

研究了间歇试验条件下,2,4-二硝基酚(2,4-DNP)与葡萄糖共基质时的厌氧降解动力学.结果表明:2,4-DNP与葡萄糖能同时被微生物降解;葡萄糖浓度高低对2,4-DNP的降解影响不大,而2,4-DNP的存在明显影响COD的降解.当2,4-DNP浓度<225 mg/L时,其比降解速率随浓度增大而增大,浓度为225 mg/L时比降解速率达到最大;由于底物抑制,当2,4-DNP浓度>225 mg/L时,其比降解速率呈下降趋势.选用Andrews非竞争性抑制模型描述2,4-DNP厌氧降解动力学,对实验数据进行非线性拟合,求得模型参数q_max、K_s和K_i分别为3.24 mg/(h·g)、196.23 mg/L和165.91mg/L,实验数据与该动力学方程拟合较好.     

长程高脂肪膳食对大鼠空腹血糖及糖耐量的影响

研究了单纯高脂膳食喂养对大鼠空腹血糖(Fasting plasma glucose,FPG)及葡萄糖耐量(Glucose tolerancetest,GTT)的影响,旨在模拟与现代人生活饮食结构及发病情况更为接近的糖调节异常动物模型.取正常SD大鼠100只喂以普通饲料或高脂饲料14mo,动态监测动物体重及空腹血糖的变化,并分别在第5、8、10、14mo时用糖耐量试验观察葡萄糖耐量减退(IGT)的情况.结果显示,高脂喂养第1~14个月过程中,雄性大鼠的体重较普食组均未出现显著增加,而雌性大鼠体重仅在喂养第5~8个月期间较普食组增加了10%~15%;与普食组相比,在喂养高脂膳食第1~5个月中雌雄两性大鼠空腹血糖均显著升高,在喂养第5~10个月中雄性葡萄糖耐量显著减退,但雌性动物则未出现明显的IGT,至第14个月时雄性IGT与普食组的差异消失.研究表明,单纯高脂膳食虽不能诱发糖尿病,但可出现较典型的IFG空腹血糖受损和IGT现象,且以雄性动物造模更为适宜,喂养时间以10mo以内为宜.由于单纯高脂喂养更接近自然人群发病过程,因此,此种模型将为糖调节受损发生机制及其早期干预的研究提供新的动物模型.图2表1参12     

营养和环境条件对光滑球拟酵母葡萄糖代谢速度的影响

增加培养基中Mg2 浓度,使磷酸果糖激酶和3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶活性提高22.2%和23.4%,葡萄糖消耗速率从1.94g L-1h-1提高到2.43g L-1h-1,提高了25%.较低kLa(200h-1)导致胞内ATP处于较低的水平,变构激活糖酵解关键酶活性,与高kLa(450h-1)比较,葡萄糖消耗速率(2.31g L-1h-1)提高了35%,低kLa虽能加快葡萄糖消耗,但不利于丙酮酸产量的提高.烟酸(NA)是细胞合成NAD 的前体,培养基中缺乏NA导致细胞生长微弱,葡萄糖消耗缓慢;NA质量浓度从4mg/L增加到8mg/L时,葡萄糖消耗速度(2.01g L-1h-1)和丙酮酸产量(46.4g/L)分别提高了48.4%和29%,高NA浓度有利于高葡萄糖消耗速度的提高,但降低了丙酮酸对葡萄糖的产率.一定浓度的(0~10mg/L)的外源电子受体乙醛提高了光滑球拟酵母中醇脱氢酶活性(提高8.6%),加速NAD 再生,降低NADH/NAD 比率,从而促进细胞生长和提高葡萄糖消耗速度.以上结果表明,营养和环境条件通过改变细胞胞内辅因子水平,影响糖酵解关键酶活性而改变葡萄糖代谢速度.图3表4参18     

Nickel-induced blood biochemistry alterations in hens after an experimental peroral administration

The purpose of this study was to determine certain blood biochemical parameters in hens of Isa Brown breed (n = 20) after nickel administration. Animals were divided into four groups (K, P1, P2, P3). Experimental hens (n = 5; in each group) received nickel (NiCl₂) as peroral administration in drinking water in various doses (P1 – 0.02 g NiCl₂/L; P2 – 0.2 g NiCl₂/L; P3 – 2.0 g NiCl₂/L of drinking water) for 28 days. The last group – K (n = 5) was the control, receiving no nickel. Biochemical parameters of mineral profile (calcium; phosphorus; magnesium; sodium; potassium) and of energy and enzymatic profile [(glucose; total cholesterol; total proteins; triglycerides; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) aspartate aminotransferase (AST) gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and glutamatdehydrogenase (GLDH)] were analyzed in blood serum on Day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of the experiment. Average levels of mineral metabolism parameters were relatively stable apart from calcium. The evaluation registered a significant decrease in calcium during the experiment mainly in the group with highest nickel concentration in drinking water. No significant differences were detected between groups in energy and enzymatic profile apart from the concentrations of ALT on Day 7. In conclusion, there were significant associations between nickel levels and calcium and ALT in blood serum of the hens. No significant differences were detected in other biochemical parameters of mineral profile (P, Mg, Na, K) and energy and enzymatic profile (glucose, total cholesterol, total proteins, triglycerides, AST, GGT and GLDH) after nickel administration. Our results may contribute to an evaluation of reference levels of analyzed parameters, to monitor the health and nutritional status of hens. In this study also the negative effect of nickel mainly on calcium metabolism was detected.     

Effect of a subchronic exposure to Simazine on energetic metabolism of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The energetic parameters, such as glycogen, glucose, proteins, lactate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and lactate deshydrogenase (LDH) activity in tissues and blood of carps from simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine) contaminated waters were investigated. In order to confirm the field results, a laboratory experiment was designed in which carps were exposed to simazine at the concentration level of 45 μ g. L^{? 1} (10-fold of the amount found in natural waters) for 90 days. Fish from a contaminated reservoir showed low glycogen concentrations in hepatopancreas and muscle, while fish in another contaminated reservoir showed high LDH activity together with an increase in lactate content in muscle. Laboratory findings did not confirm field results, and fish exposed to simazine did not show alterations in the parameters studied. The results suggest that carps were not stressed by the presence of the simazine at the concentration levels found in both studies and the mechanisms of defense covered the energetic demand.