渤海湾海域生态环境的研究Ⅱ.水体富营养化的评价与分析

根据2003年7月15日、2003年11月4日、2004年2月29日和2004年5月25日在渤海湾多项生态因子的调查结果,应用单因子法和综合指数法对该海域海水的质量状况进行了评价与分析,并与历史资料进行了比较.结果表明,渤海湾水体整体呈现富营养化,主要为无机氮严重超标;另外,春季水体有机污染较为严重,秋季无机磷含量也达到富营养水平.无机氮、无机磷、COD以及营养状态指数(EI)的时空分布大体呈现北高南底,近岸大于外海的趋势,分布趋势与历史资料基本吻合,但比历史同期无机氮、COD浓度增加,水体富营养状态呈现愈发严重的趋势.     

Status of Aquatic Bioassessment in U.S. EPA Region IX

U.S. EPA Region IX is supporting bioassessment programs in Arizona, California, Hawaii and Nevada using biocriteria program and Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (R-EMAP) resources. These programs are designed to improve the state, tribal and regional ability to determine the status of water quality. Biocriteria program funds were used to coordinate with Arizona, California and Hawaii which resulted in these states establishing reference conditions and in developing biological indices. U.S. EPA Region IX has initiated R-EMAP projects in California and Nevada. These U.S. EPA Region IX sponsored programs have provided an opportunity to interact with the States and provide them with technical and management support. In Arizona, several projects are being conducted to develop the State's bioassessment program. These include the development of a rotational random monitoring program; a regional reference approach for macroinvertebrate bioassessments; ecoregion approach to testing and adoption of an alternate regional classification system; and development of warm-water and cold-water indices of biological integrity. The indices are projected to be used in the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) 2000 water quality assessment report. In California, an Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) has been developed for the Russian River Watershed using resources from U.S. EPA's Non-point Source (NPS) Program grants. A regional IBI is under development for certain water bodies in the San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board. Resources from the U.S. EPA Biocriteria program are being used to support the California Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup (CABW) in conjunction with the California Department of Fish & Game (CDFG), and to support the Hawaii Department of Health (DoH) Bioassessment Program to refine biological metrics. In Nevada, R-EMAP resources are being used to create a baseline of aquatic information for the Humboldt River watershed. U.S. EPA Region IX is presently working with the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP) to establish a Nevada Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup. Future R-EMAP studies will occur in the Calleguas Creek watershed in Southern California, and in the Muddy and Virgin River watersheds in southern Nevada, and the Walker River watershed in eastern California and west-central Nevada.     

太湖流域非点源污染研究与控制

分析了太湖流域主要非点源污染类型与现状,指出在完成对点源污染的控制以后,非点源污染将成为该区域环境状况改善的主要限制因子。认为太源流域主要类型非点源污染来源于：农业、林业、养殖业（畜、禽、水产）的非点源负荷,城镇化建设、现代交通、农村居民用地的地表径流,城镇农村生活污水的排放等;定性地论述了非点源污染形成的主要途径。进一步讨论了太湖流域非点源污染研究动态、存在的问题及其发展趋向,就目前太湖流域非点源污染的研究与控制进行了探讨,太湖流域非点源污染的研究需要将环境水文学、生态系统生态学结合起来,同时运用先进技术进行全面动态评估;同时有针对性地讨论了不同类型非点源污染的防治措施。     

气候变化对长江源地区高寒草甸生态系统的影响

近十几年来,长江源区气候暖干化趋势明显,冰川退缩、湖泊萎缩、草场退化、土地沙漠化、水土流失等环境问题日益严重。高寒草甸是长江源地区主要的植被类型之一,在全球变化影响下,以耐低温寒冷的嵩草属（Kobresia）植物为建群种的高寒草甸将面临更严重的生态胁迫。以长江源地区高寒草甸生态系统为研究对象,采用国际通用的生物地球化学模型模拟高寒草甸生物量、生产力和土壤有机质等的动态变化,并综合考虑人类活动对生态系统生产力和营养元素生物地球化学循环的影响,探讨了全球气候变化对高寒草甸生态系统可能造成的影响。     

Vertical distribution of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in sedimentary core from the Beipaiming Channel, North China

The vertical profiles of nonylphenol （NP） and nonylphenol ethoxylates （NPEOs） were investigated in a sediment core from the Beipaiming Channel, North China using high sensitive LC-MS and GC-MS metthods In this core, relatively high concentrations of NP and NPEOs occurred in the surface sediment （≤40 cm）, with the maximum value of NP and NPEOs reaching 3539 and 12735 mg/g, respectively, whereas, no NP or NPEOs were detected in deeper sediments （〉40 cm）. The high concentrations of NP and NPEOs in the surface layers suggested recent inputs in this area. NPEOs with short ethoxy chains （NPnEO, n=0-3） were dominant in the NPEO mixture with percentages from 54% to 78%, which were similar to the distribution of homolog NPEO in effluents from nearby sewage treatment plants （STPs）, indicating that the channel received the effluents from these STPs. The sewage treatment ratio was quite similar to that found in North America before the 1980s. Finally, the concentrations of NP and NPEOs were related to the total organic carbon （TOC） （p〈0.001）, suggesting that TOC was an important factor for vertical distribution of NPEOs and NP from the Beipaiming Channel.     

甘肃河西地区土地荒漠化的现状、成因及其防治

甘肃省河西地区是我国荒漠化发生最重要的地区之一,其荒漠化主要类型有风蚀漠化、水蚀荒漠化和土壤盐渍化。全区现有各类荒漠化土地21．3万km^2,其中分布最广泛的沙质荒漠化土有17．59万km^2。荒漠化对当地居民的社会经济生活带来了多方面的危害。河西地区荒漠化的形成有其自然和人为两方面的原因;河西地区自然条件恶劣,干旱、风大、沙多、植被稀疏;以及生产实践中、水、土、植被资源等缺乏科学、合理的利用是引起荒漠化的主要原因。为了防治和轻减河西地区的荒漠化,提出了几点防治对策;首先是控制人口增长、提高人口素质;其次是调整产业结构,合理利用资源;第三是加大荒漠化防治的投入,尤其是防沙治沙中资金、科研、人才的投入,建设重点荒漠化防治项目,使河西地区最普遍的沙质荒漠化得到遏制;第四是加强管理,提高科学管理水平,加强执法力度。     

基于NLM的三峡重庆库区面源污染负荷研究

随机性、模糊性、不确定性很强的面污染源是水环境污染中最主要的污染源。面源污染负荷的准确估算是研究和治理面源污染的基础。现在的面源污染数字模型大多数建立于DEM之上，高成本的DEM限制着这类模型的发展。新兴模型——NLM以面源污染发生机理完善而著称。借助于NLM，以三峡重庆库区为例研究分析面源污染的机理，面源污染负荷随时间的变化以及面源负荷受各因素的影响程度等。从硝化、反硝化、矿化、吸附等作用过程中更深层地剖析了面源污染行为；掌握了面源污染物TP、NH3-N、NO3-N的随时间的变化规律及降雨量、土壤有机成分、土壤气温、总辐照等因子对各污染物负荷的影响及相互关系。总之，NLM为开展面源污染负荷及影响因素的研究提供了科学依据。     

渤海湾燃煤电厂脱硫工艺选择

海水脱硫方案因其具有运行费用低等优点受到青睐.近几年,随着电力的快速发展,渤海湾出现了三十多座发电厂,竞相采用海水脱硫方案.而渤海湾属于半封闭的海湾,湾内海水与外海海水交换周期至少长达200年,区域的海流最大流速仅为外海的50%,扩散条件不太理想,污染物的长期累积情况很难确定.那么在渤海湾海域建设的滨海电厂采用海水脱硫是否可行呢?分析研究认为不宜在渤海湾选择海水脱硫工艺.     

渤海污染现状与治理对策研究

近年来,由于环境污染以及对海洋生物的狂捕滥捞,蓝色海洋面临沦为“死海“和“空海“的危险.实地调查和对实验数据的比较表明:渤海污染呈上升趋势,陆源污染和狂捕滥捞是造成污染的主要原因,其中污染物以无机氮、活性磷酸盐和石油类为主.因此,需要从污染源头和制度上综合治理渤海污染.     

西部大开发面临的环境挑战及其对策

西部大开发面临的环境挑战主要是生态脆弱性的加重和环境污染西迁速度的加快。面对挑战,需要采取的对策及措施主要有:认真开 展对生态环境的科学研究;加强与拓展环境影响评价工作;切实加强环境管理能力建设;努力加大生态保护与建设的力度;坚决遏制环境污染 的西迁;制定与实施“西部蓝天计划”;大力加强水资源的保护与有效利用等。