水源水细菌SOS反应与模糊综合评判的比较

为探讨细菌学测试和化学测试两类方法在评价水源水有机物污染程度和潜在危害上的关系,用SOS显色法研究了珠江某自来水原水8个水样有机提取物诱导的细菌SOS反应,并用模糊综合评判法分析了水样的BOD、Hg 、Pb 、Cr等化学指标．两个水样诱导了大肠杆菌 PQ37的 SOS反应．比较水样对细菌的 SOS反应诱导系数与化学污染的模糊综合评判结果后显示, SOS显色法这一细菌学短期测试系统与化学测试方法对水质的定性评价具有一致性、互补性和差异性,模糊综合评判法的应用可作为比较和解释这两类不同测试系统的分析结果的一种途径．     

上海市大气中HO2自由基的测定与特征

为研究上海市大气中ＨＯ２自由基的分布特征,建立了化学放大法测定ＨＯ２自由基系统,对上海市大气中ＨＯ２自由基浓度进行了没定邦等结果表明,ＨＯ２自由基的典型日变化基本上为双峰型,峰值出现在阳光辐射较强的中午时分,实验测得ＨＯ２自由基最大浓度达２．２４×１０＾８分子·ｃｍ＾－３,ＨＯ２自然基民ＮＭＨＣ,Ｃ烽Ｏ２等具有一定的相关性,ＨＯ２自由基的研究对于大气光化学烟雾的研究具有重要意义     

紊动对水体中有机物降解影响的实验

利用专门设计的紊动诱发装置,对不同紊动强度水体进行了紊动对有机物生物降解影响的实验研究．通过３种不同紊动强度的实验,发现紊动对有机物的降解有明显的影响紊动强度越大,有机物的降解率和降解速度越大．通过对较高紊动强度水体的降解实验数据分析发现,在水体有紊动时,有机物的降解反应并不遵循一级反应动力学。     

Ozonation of aromatic monomer compounds in water: factors determining reaction outcomes

● p- CNB and IBP were selected, to explore factors determining ozonation outcomes. ● •OH contributed only 50 % to IBP removal, compared to the 90 % for p -CNB removal. ● IBP achieved fewer TOC removal and more by-product types and quantities. ● A longer ring-opening distance existed during the degradation of IBP. ● Multiple positions on both branches of IBP were attacked, consuming more oxidants. For aromatic monomer compounds (AMCs), ozonation outcomes were usually predicted by the substituents of the benzene ring based on the electron inductive effect. However, the predicted results were occasionally unreliable for complex substituents, and other factors caused concern. In this study, p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) and ibuprofen (IBP) were selected for ozonation. According to the electron inductive theory, p-CNB should be less oxidizable, but the opposite was true. The higher rates of p-CNB were due to various sources of assistance. First, the hydroxyl radical (•OH) contributed 90 % to p-CNB removal at pH 7.0, while its contribution to IBP removal was 50 %. Other contributions came from molecular O₃ oxidation. Second, p-CNB achieved 40 % of the total organic carbon (TOC) removal and fewer by-product types and quantities, when compared to the results for IBP. Third, the oxidation of p-CNB started with hydroxyl substitution reactions on the benzene ring; then, the ring opened. However, IBP was initially oxidized mainly on the butane branched chain, with a chain-shortening process occurring before the ring opened. Finally, the degradation pathway of p-CNB was single and consumed fewer oxidants. However, both branches of IBP were attacked simultaneously, and three degradation pathways that relied on more oxidants were proposed. All of these factors were determinants of the rapid removal of p-CNB.     

新型高效三相分离器处理低浓度工业废水的研究

根据三相分离器的工作原理 ,分析了三相分离器在目前实际应用中存在的问题 ,设计出一种结构简单而合理的三相分离器。实验证明 ,采用这种新型的三相分离器 ,固液分离效率高达 93% ;另外 ,实验还表明其在处理低浓度工业废水方面是完全可行的 ,进水COD在 2 10 0mg/L时 ,COD去除率保持在 85 %～ 92 % ,有机负荷可达 8.4 5kgCOD/m3 ·d。     

高锰酸钠去除水中苯胺的动力学

研究了高锰酸钠去除水中苯胺的动力学和机理。结果表明:高锰酸钠能快速去除水中的苯胺,其表观动力学方程为r=0.453C_AC_B~(1/2)。反应的速率常数κ与温度T成正相关,其反应的表观活化能为19.136kJ·mol~(-1),指前因子为1165.34mmol~(-1/2)·L~(1/2)·min~(-1)。水中苯胺是被高锰酸根和新生态的氧氧化而去除的。     

化学品反应危险性分级方法研究与应用

针对化学品反应危险性的评价,介绍利用最大分解热,反应放热功率,绝热反应参数等方法对化学品反应危险性进行分级的几种方法及各自特点。通过分析整合不同分级方法,提出一种基于实测反应放热参数的分级方法,此方法以初始放热温度和反应热组成指标体系,同时配合燃爆曲线实现对化学品反应危险性的分级,得到的结果对于化学品的安全评价有较强的参考价值。考察了6种有机过氧化物的放热性质,诠释了有机过氧化物的反应危险性,应用所提出的反应危险性分级方法对其进行分级,并对分级方法进行了验证。该方法结合了实验结果和多种分级方法的优点,使化学品反应危险性分级方法具有更强的实用性。     

基于隶属函数的高速公路安全距离模型研究

为了改善高速公路防追尾安全距离模型,对模型中的驾驶员反应时间进行研究,分析不同车速时驾驶员反应时间对安全距离的影响。驾驶员反应时间受驾龄、应变能力、性别、心理生理状况、车速等多种因素的影响。基于模糊数学中隶属函数的有关理论,利用Matlab软件,在驾驶员反应时间大小允许的范围内,综合考虑各种主要因素,确定驾驶员反应时间。通过具体实例说明该方法的应用,结果证明,应用模糊数学,可以计算出不同的驾驶员,在不同的车速时的反应时间。     

Removal of a type of endocrine disruptors-di-n-butyl phthalate from water by ozonation

Ozonation of synthetic water containing a type of endocrine disruptor-di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） was examined. Key impact factors such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, ozone dosage and initial DBP concentration were investigated. In addition, the activities of radicals on uncatalysed and catalysed ozonation were studied. The degradation intermediate products were followed and the kinetic of the ozonation were assessed as well. Results revealed that ozonation of DBP followed two mechanisms. Firstly, the reaction rate of direct ozonation was slower at lower pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Secondly, when these factors were increased for indirect radical reaction, higher percentage of DBP was removed with the increase of the initial ozone dosage and the decrease of the initial DBP concentration. In addition, tea-butanol, humic substances and Fe（Ⅱ） affected DBP ozonation through the radical pathway. It was determined that ozonation was restrained by adding tea-butanol for its radical inhibition effect. Furthermore, humic substances enhanced the reaction to some extent, but a slight negative effect would be encountered if the optimum dosage was exceeded. As a matter of fact, Mn（Ⅱ） affected the ozonation by ＂active sites＂ mechanism. In the experiment, three different kinds of intermediate products were produced during ozonation, but the amount of products for each one of them decreased as pH, temperature, ionic strength and initial ozone dosage increased. A kinetic equation of the reaction between ozone and DBP was obtained.     

纤维素热裂解的二次反应研究

在热重红外联用分析仪上开展了纤维素的热裂解失重研究,通过对纤维素热裂解的TG和DTG曲线以及热解产物的红外析出图谱的分析研究,探讨了纤维素热裂解的二次反应过程及机理,并在经典Broido—Shafizdeh模型的基础上．提出了改进的纤维素热裂解模型。