紊动对水体中有机物降解影响的实验

利用专门设计的紊动诱发装置,对不同紊动强度水体进行了紊动对有机物生物降解影响的实验研究．通过３种不同紊动强度的实验,发现紊动对有机物的降解有明显的影响紊动强度越大,有机物的降解率和降解速度越大．通过对较高紊动强度水体的降解实验数据分析发现,在水体有紊动时,有机物的降解反应并不遵循一级反应动力学。     

Ozonation of aromatic monomer compounds in water: factors determining reaction outcomes

● p- CNB and IBP were selected, to explore factors determining ozonation outcomes. ● •OH contributed only 50 % to IBP removal, compared to the 90 % for p -CNB removal. ● IBP achieved fewer TOC removal and more by-product types and quantities. ● A longer ring-opening distance existed during the degradation of IBP. ● Multiple positions on both branches of IBP were attacked, consuming more oxidants. For aromatic monomer compounds (AMCs), ozonation outcomes were usually predicted by the substituents of the benzene ring based on the electron inductive effect. However, the predicted results were occasionally unreliable for complex substituents, and other factors caused concern. In this study, p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) and ibuprofen (IBP) were selected for ozonation. According to the electron inductive theory, p-CNB should be less oxidizable, but the opposite was true. The higher rates of p-CNB were due to various sources of assistance. First, the hydroxyl radical (•OH) contributed 90 % to p-CNB removal at pH 7.0, while its contribution to IBP removal was 50 %. Other contributions came from molecular O₃ oxidation. Second, p-CNB achieved 40 % of the total organic carbon (TOC) removal and fewer by-product types and quantities, when compared to the results for IBP. Third, the oxidation of p-CNB started with hydroxyl substitution reactions on the benzene ring; then, the ring opened. However, IBP was initially oxidized mainly on the butane branched chain, with a chain-shortening process occurring before the ring opened. Finally, the degradation pathway of p-CNB was single and consumed fewer oxidants. However, both branches of IBP were attacked simultaneously, and three degradation pathways that relied on more oxidants were proposed. All of these factors were determinants of the rapid removal of p-CNB.     

新型高效三相分离器处理低浓度工业废水的研究

根据三相分离器的工作原理 ,分析了三相分离器在目前实际应用中存在的问题 ,设计出一种结构简单而合理的三相分离器。实验证明 ,采用这种新型的三相分离器 ,固液分离效率高达 93% ;另外 ,实验还表明其在处理低浓度工业废水方面是完全可行的 ,进水COD在 2 10 0mg/L时 ,COD去除率保持在 85 %～ 92 % ,有机负荷可达 8.4 5kgCOD/m3 ·d。     

高锰酸钠去除水中苯胺的动力学

研究了高锰酸钠去除水中苯胺的动力学和机理。结果表明:高锰酸钠能快速去除水中的苯胺,其表观动力学方程为r=0.453C_AC_B~(1/2)。反应的速率常数κ与温度T成正相关,其反应的表观活化能为19.136kJ·mol~(-1),指前因子为1165.34mmol~(-1/2)·L~(1/2)·min~(-1)。水中苯胺是被高锰酸根和新生态的氧氧化而去除的。     

Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using ion-exchange resins

Waste cooking oil is a potential substitution of refined vegetable oil for the production of biodiesel due to the low cost of raw material and for solving their disposal problem. In this study, optimization of esterification process of free fatty acids in artificially acidified soybean oil with oleic acid has been carried out using methanol as an agent and ion exchange resin as a heterogeneous catalyst. The esterification reaction has been investigated based on the mass balance of the developed model. The model has been validated against experimental data and effects of temperature and catalyst weight have been analyzed. Thereafter, optimization process has been fulfilled for two different objective functions as conversion of acid oil and benefit. Optimization results indicated that the maximum conversion of acid is 95.95%, which is achievable at 4.48-g catalyst loading and reaction temperature of 120°C. Maximum benefit was obtained as US$0.057 per batch of reaction at a catalyst amount of 1 g and temperature of 120°C.     

臭氧氧化降解苯胺黑药模拟废水

苯胺黑药(学名:二苯胺基二硫代磷酸)是一种良好的有色金属硫化矿浮选捕收剂,属于典型的难降解有机污染物。为研究臭氧氧化苯胺黑药的条件和氧化反应的动力学,选用臭氧作为氧化剂,对苯胺黑药浓度和模拟废水的COD进行测定。结果表明,用5 g/h的臭氧氧化20 min后,初始浓度50、75和150 mg/L的苯胺黑药模拟废水的COD去除率分别为56%、59%和76%,苯胺黑药浓度的去除率分别达到100%、99%和88%,反应后废水p H变为强酸性(4)。对应的氧化反应动力学表观一级速率常数k为-0.372 s-1、-0.331 s-1和-0.259 s-1;R2为0.9926、0.9949和0.9903。探讨了臭氧氧化苯胺黑药前后p H变化的机理。     

异相类Fenton氧化处理T酸废母液的催化剂

为了比较黄铁矿、钛铁矿、磁铁矿、钒钛磁铁矿、零价铁以及亚铁催化双氧水氧化处理T酸废母液的效能,研究了不同体系的催化氧化反应动力学以及pH值变化情况,考察了H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量及循环利用次数的影响.研究结果表明,黄铁矿、钛铁矿催化活性较亚铁离子更好,且受废水pH值变化影响小,T酸废母液TOC去除率高达75％左右,是十分有效的类Fenton反应催化剂.钛铁矿催化活性较黄铁矿好,重复利用5次,TOC去除率依然保持在72％以上,表明钛铁矿有着很好的重复利用性.     

SCR脱硝尿素中微量元素的质谱法测定

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定SCR脱硝尿素中Na、Mg、Al、P、K、Ca、Cr、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb等12种微量元素的分析方法.通过向碰撞/反应池(CRC)系统中引入氦气消除多原子离子质谱干扰,采用混合内标元素45Sc、89Y、209Bi消除基体效应.结果表明,各元素在一定范围内线性关系良好,方法的检出限为0.2～23.6 ng/L,样品的加标回收率在89.6％ ～ 108.4％之间,RSD在1.6％ ～3.8％之间.方法能准确测定SCR脱硝尿素中的多个微量元素,可用于SCR脱硝尿素的质量控制和安全评价.     

苯甲酸生产残液中锰、钴和镍的提取及分离

探讨了苯甲酸生产残液中锰、钴和镍的提取及分离方法。首先采用酸溶液提取残液中的金属元素;然后通过氨水沉淀法分离锰;最后使用p507萃取剂分离钴和镍。实验结果表明:当苯甲酸生产残液中锰、钴和镍的质量分数分别为0.085 0%,0.307 1%,0.015 5%时,在硫酸浓度为2.0 mol/L、过氧化氢溶液质量分数为25%的条件下,锰、钴和镍的提取率分别为88.59%,87.77%,86.50%;当氨水浓度为2 mol/L时,锰的沉淀率达94.24%;在平衡水相p H为4、p507萃取剂皂化率为60%、油相中p507萃取剂的体积分数为15%的条件下,钴萃取率达87.53%,镍萃取率仅为8.46%,钴镍分离系数为68.70。     

Carbofuran removal in continuous-photocatalytic reactor: Reactor optimization,rate-constant determination and carbofuran degradation pathway analysis

Carbofuran (CBF) removal in a continuous-flow photocatalytic reactor with granular activated carbon supported titanium dioxide (GAC-TiO₂) catalyst was investigated. The effects of feed flow rate, TiO₂ concentration and addition of supplementary oxidants on CBF removal were investigated. The central composite design (CCD) was used to design the experiments and to estimate the effects of feed flow rate and TiO₂ concentration on CBF removal. The outcome of CCD experiments demonstrated that reactor performance was influenced mainly by feed flow rate compared to TiO₂ concentration. A second-order polynomial model developed based on CCD experiments fitted the experimental data with good correlation (R² ～ 0.964). The addition of 1 mL min^?1 hydrogen peroxide has shown complete CBF degradation and 76% chemical oxygen demand removal under the following operating conditions of CBF ～50 mg L^?1, TiO₂ ～5 mg L^?1 and feed flow rate ～82.5 mL min^?1. Rate constant of the photodegradation process was also calculated by applying the kinetic data in pseudo-first-order kinetics. Four major degradation intermediates of CBF were identified using GC-MS analysis. As a whole, the reactor system and GAC-TiO₂ catalyst used could be constructive in cost-effective CBF removal with no impact to receiving environment through getaway of photocatalyst.