零价铁催化过二硫酸盐降解苯胺

采用Fe⁰催化过二硫酸钠（PS）降解水中苯胺（AN）。在Fe⁰-PS体系中,Fe⁰在酸性条件下被氧化生成Fe²⁺,Fe²⁺可以催化PS产生强氧化性的SO₄^#x02022;-,发生类Fenton试剂氧化反应,从而降解AN。实验结果表明,在PS加入量为6.0mmol/L、Fe⁰加入量为35.7mmol/L、反应时间为120min的条件下,AN降解率可达81.4%,TOC去除率达52.6%,一级反应速率常数为0.03819min^-1。     

Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using ion-exchange resins

Waste cooking oil is a potential substitution of refined vegetable oil for the production of biodiesel due to the low cost of raw material and for solving their disposal problem. In this study, optimization of esterification process of free fatty acids in artificially acidified soybean oil with oleic acid has been carried out using methanol as an agent and ion exchange resin as a heterogeneous catalyst. The esterification reaction has been investigated based on the mass balance of the developed model. The model has been validated against experimental data and effects of temperature and catalyst weight have been analyzed. Thereafter, optimization process has been fulfilled for two different objective functions as conversion of acid oil and benefit. Optimization results indicated that the maximum conversion of acid is 95.95%, which is achievable at 4.48-g catalyst loading and reaction temperature of 120°C. Maximum benefit was obtained as US$0.057 per batch of reaction at a catalyst amount of 1 g and temperature of 120°C.     

高浓度酚醛树脂生产废水的预处理

采用二次缩合反应预处理高浓度酚醛树脂生产废水。一次反应的最佳工艺条件为：甲醛加入量0.010 0 mL/mL,Ba（OH）2加入量0.005 g/mL,反应时间3 h,反应温度85 ℃。最佳工艺条件下的一次反应COD去除率为 52.9%。二次反应中,当反应温度为80 ℃、反应时间为3 h、尿素加入量为3 g/L时,二次反应COD去除率最高,为31.5%。COD=85 000 mg/L、ρ（挥发酚）= 12 000 mg/L、ρ（甲醛）=6 740 mg/L的废水经两次缩合反应处理后,出水中COD=27 400 mg/L,COD的总去除率为67.8%;ρ（挥发酚）=2 400 mg/L,挥发酚的总去除率达80.0%;ρ（甲醛）= 980 mg/L,甲醛的总去除率达84.9%。处理1 t废水还可回收酚醛树脂6.75 kg。     

Fenton法制备污泥基活性炭及其性能表征

污泥基活性炭孔隙率低下是污泥资源化利用的主要制约因素,而Fenton法预处理污泥,可有效改善活性炭性质。通过考察H2O2投加量、H2O2/Fe2+、活化pH以及炭化条件等参数,确定了最佳污泥基活性炭制备条件:H2O2投加量为5%(质量分数),H2O2/Fe2+为5∶1(质量比),活化pH为3,活化时间为2.0h,污泥含固率为1.0%(质量分数),炭化温度为600℃,炭化时间为2.0h,炭化升温速率为10℃/min。此时,得到的污泥基活性炭吸附碘值为340mg/g,比表面积为353.563m2/g,孔容积为0.238cm3/g,微孔容积为0.095cm3/g。该活性炭对阳离子和阴离子染料(亚甲基蓝和甲基橙)具有良好的吸附性能,结果表明,对亚甲基蓝和甲基橙的吸附更符合Langmuir方程,且其饱和吸附量分别为71.53、57.73mg/g。对吸附动力学的拟合结果表明,该吸附更符合二级动力学方程。     

SO42-/SnO2 -Fe2O3-硅藻土固体酸催化剂的制备及其对染料废水的催化处理

以硅藻土为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法引入金属氧化物SnO₂和Fe₂O₃,制备了二元氧化物复合型SO₄^2-/SnO₂-Fe₂O₃-硅藻土固体酸催化剂。利用该催化剂与H₂O₂构成非均相类Fenton试剂氧化体系,催化H₂O₂产生氧化能力极强的·OH,用于处理实际翠蓝废水和模拟亚甲基蓝废水。催化剂的最佳制备条件为：H₂SO₄溶液的浓度3 mol/L,浸渍时间2.0 h,焙烧温度550 ℃,焙烧时间3.5 h,焙烧方式为随炉升降温。实验结果表明：采用在最佳工艺条件下制得的催化剂,处理实际翠蓝废水COD去除率可达79.5%、脱色率达99.6%;处理模拟亚甲基蓝废水COD去除率可达83.1%、脱色率达99.6%。     

Development and Integration of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Methods for Detection of Mitochondrial DNA and Methanobrevibacter smithii nifH Gene as Novel Microbial Source Tracking Tools

A novel microbial source tracking (MST) method based on the detection of human and non-human markers was developed and applied to track the origin of fecal pollution in water systems. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were used to develop new quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for dog, poultry, and gull. The targets were included as part of a toolbox including human, cow, pig, and sheep assays. A primer and probe set for the detection of the human-specific nifH gene of Methanobrevibacter smithii was also designed as an indicator of human fecal contamination. The assays were tested for specificity and applied to fecal-spiked surface waters and environmental samples collected from two river catchments impacted by sources of human and non-human fecal contamination. The MST methods described were applicable to both spiked waters and environmental samples, and using the two approaches the origin of fecal pollution could be successfully determined in mixed source fecally polluted waters.     

新型碳源驯化的SRB去除酸性矿山废水中SO_4~(2-)最佳反应条件

针对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理酸性矿山废水缺乏有效有机碳源问题,运用生活污水、鸡粪和锯末质量比80∶7∶3混合物的发酵液作为新型有机碳源驯化硫酸盐还原菌SRB,并研究SRB以该新型有机碳源作为营养物质在不同COD/SO2-4(C/S)值、pH值、初始硫酸根(SO2-4)浓度、重金属离子(Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+)浓度条件下对SO2-4的去除效果,以确定SRB去除SO2-4的最佳反应条件。实验结果表明,在厌氧环境SRB接种量8%、生长温度35℃、转速50 r/min、C/S为1.5~2.0、pH值6~7、初始SO2-4浓度≤3 000 mg/L、Fe2+在100~300 mg/L、Mn2+为35 mg/L时反应条件最佳,SO2-4去除率均可达90%以上;其中Fe2+浓度≤500 mg/L、Mn2+浓度≤140 mg/L时均会促进SRB对SO2-4的还原,当Fe2+浓度≥600mg/L时会严重抑制SRB,Mn2+浓度140 mg/L时会抑制SRB;Cu2+、Zn2+的存在对SRB均有影响,当Cu2+浓度15 mg/L时、Zn2+浓度45 mg/L时对SRB均有抑制作用。新型有机碳源可作为SRB的优良有机碳源,同时可实现以废治废的目的。该成果为实际应用提供了参考。     

臭氧氧化降解苯胺黑药模拟废水

苯胺黑药(学名:二苯胺基二硫代磷酸)是一种良好的有色金属硫化矿浮选捕收剂,属于典型的难降解有机污染物。为研究臭氧氧化苯胺黑药的条件和氧化反应的动力学,选用臭氧作为氧化剂,对苯胺黑药浓度和模拟废水的COD进行测定。结果表明,用5 g/h的臭氧氧化20 min后,初始浓度50、75和150 mg/L的苯胺黑药模拟废水的COD去除率分别为56%、59%和76%,苯胺黑药浓度的去除率分别达到100%、99%和88%,反应后废水p H变为强酸性(4)。对应的氧化反应动力学表观一级速率常数k为-0.372 s-1、-0.331 s-1和-0.259 s-1;R2为0.9926、0.9949和0.9903。探讨了臭氧氧化苯胺黑药前后p H变化的机理。     

异相类Fenton氧化处理T酸废母液的催化剂

为了比较黄铁矿、钛铁矿、磁铁矿、钒钛磁铁矿、零价铁以及亚铁催化双氧水氧化处理T酸废母液的效能,研究了不同体系的催化氧化反应动力学以及pH值变化情况,考察了H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量及循环利用次数的影响.研究结果表明,黄铁矿、钛铁矿催化活性较亚铁离子更好,且受废水pH值变化影响小,T酸废母液TOC去除率高达75％左右,是十分有效的类Fenton反应催化剂.钛铁矿催化活性较黄铁矿好,重复利用5次,TOC去除率依然保持在72％以上,表明钛铁矿有着很好的重复利用性.     

SCR脱硝尿素中微量元素的质谱法测定

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定SCR脱硝尿素中Na、Mg、Al、P、K、Ca、Cr、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb等12种微量元素的分析方法.通过向碰撞/反应池(CRC)系统中引入氦气消除多原子离子质谱干扰,采用混合内标元素45Sc、89Y、209Bi消除基体效应.结果表明,各元素在一定范围内线性关系良好,方法的检出限为0.2～23.6 ng/L,样品的加标回收率在89.6％ ～ 108.4％之间,RSD在1.6％ ～3.8％之间.方法能准确测定SCR脱硝尿素中的多个微量元素,可用于SCR脱硝尿素的质量控制和安全评价.