砒霜生产化工厂危险废物处置工程设计

通过对砒霜生产化工厂原场址废渣及污染场地调查的基础上,进行了处置方案比选及技术经济比较,确定了就地安全填埋的处置方案。根据区域性危险废物集中安全填埋场的设计经验,本工程采用先进的HDPE双层防渗的安全填埋方式,并设置了雨水分流系统、渗滤液收集系统、封场处理和填埋气体导排系统,整个场区布置合理,对周围环境的影响小,投资少,取得了良好的社会效益和环境效益,并对危险废物处理处置工程设计中应注意的问题提出了建议。     

Three-fluid retention in porous media involving water, PCE and air

A classical way to obtain three-fluid retention curves in porous media from measured two-fluid retention curves is based on the Leverett concept, which states that the total volumetric liquid content in a water-wet porous medium, containing water, a nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) and air, is a function of the capillary pressure across the interface between the continuous NAPL and air. This functional relationship results from the assumed condition that in a three-fluid porous medium, the intermediate wetting fluid spreads over the water-air interface. Application of Leverett's concept may not be valid, however, for nonspreading NAPLs like perchloroethylene (PCE). This paper discusses measurements of both PCE-air and water-PCE-air retention curves using a long vertical column in conjunction with a dual-energy gamma radiation system. The data indicate that the Leverett concept was applicable only until a critical PCE saturation had been reached.     

Pressurized liquid extraction of six tetracyclines from agricultural soils

Veterinary antibiotics used in agriculture can be introduced into the environment through land application of animal manure, accumulating in soils and groundwaters and posing a significant risk to human health and animal well-being. As the analysis of tetracyclines in soil is challenging due to their strong interaction with soil minerals and organic carbon, the objective of this study was to develop a reliable and reproducible method for quantitative analysis of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, and their respective metabolites in soils. A method based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with in-cell clean-up was developed for the extraction of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline and four likely metabolites from a set of four soils. Optimized conditions included a cell size of 22?mL, soil loading of 5?g, pH of 8.0, methanol:water ratio of 3:1, 50?°C, and two cycles. Soil extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (MS). Recoveries of seven tetracyclines from soil ranged from 41% to 110%. The limits of detection for tetracyclines were 0.08–0.3 µg g^?1 soil, and intra- and inter-day variation ranged from 0.12–0.34%. The proposed PLE method is suitable for quantification of tetracyclines in agricultural soils at typical concentrations expected in contaminated environments.     

Sorption of radiolabelled glyphosate on biochar aged in contrasting soils

Glyphosate mobility from terrestrial to aquatic environments has raised concerns about it. Utilizing soil’s inherent properties along with sorption properties of aged biochar, we hypothesized that selective application of biochar would be more effective in economic terms for glyphosate sorption on contrasting soils. To test this hypothesis, batch experiments and liquid scintillation counting for ¹⁴ Okada, E.; Costa, J. L.; Bedmar, F. Adsorption and mobility of glyphosate in different soils under no-till and conventional tillage. Geoderma 2016, 263, 78–85.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]C labeled glyphosate were used. The sorption behavior of glyphosate was examined in four contrasting Australian soil types (Oxisol, Vertisol, Entisol, and Inceptisol) amended with aged biochar to determine glyphosate concentrations by measuring ¹⁴ Okada, E.; Costa, J. L.; Bedmar, F. Adsorption and mobility of glyphosate in different soils under no-till and conventional tillage. Geoderma 2016, 263, 78–85.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]C activity using liquid scintillation counting. Freundlich parameters were calculated for soil-soil/biochar combinations. The pattern of glyphosate sorption was Oxisol?>?Vertisol?>?Entisol?>?Inceptisol. Oxisol adsorbed approximately five times more glyphosate compared with Inceptisol. Oxisol soil system adsorbed maximum amount of glyphosate principally due to the presence of iron-aluminum oxides exhibiting variable charges which got increased due to the presence of aged biochar. Considering all the soil/soil-biochar systems, Inceptisol soil system showed the least adsorption of glyphosate. A significant contribution of char was observed only in the Entisol soil system and the finding is valuable as char can be applied in Entisol soil systems to control glyphosate mobility.     

焚烧法处理环己酮生产中的皂化液

用环已烷氧化生产环已酮的生产过程中会产生大量的皂化液 ,它含有大量的有害物质 ,是一种难处理的高污染有机废水。某石化厂在借鉴造纸行业的黑液焚烧技术的基础上 ,采用焚烧法来处理皂化液 ,并得到副产蒸气和回收了碳酸钠 ,实现了皂化液的无害化与资源化 ,具有良好的社会效益、环境效益和经济效益 ,每处理 1t皂化液可盈利 10 0～ 2 0 0元     

涉重危废概念的提出及其资源化利用

危险废物作为具有较高危害特性的固体废物,近年来受到国内外学术界、政府管理部门和公众的极大关注。危险废物的产生和排放呈现量大、面广、源多、物杂的特点,因此,科学分级分类既是其精细管理、精确监控、精准处置的现实需求,也是环境科学与工程领域危险废物和固体废物学科体系构建和健康发展的必然要求。危险废物中有一重要类别,其共有的危险特性源于重金属的毒性。重金属的不可降解性决定了该类危险废物的环境风险和环境危害具有持久性;重金属的不可再生性又决定了该类危险废物的资源属性具有稀缺性。为此,探讨并定义了以重金属毒性为危险特性的这一重要而独特的危险废物细分领域,明确了其内涵和外延;提出了金属五分法及该类别危险废物资源化利用的实现路径;分析了不同重金属提取工艺的适用性,并论述了该类别危险废物资源化利用的核心要务和技术原理。     

有机废物厌氧发酵液链延长合成中链脂肪酸研究进展

有机废物产量巨大,具备较高的资源化利用潜力。以有机废物厌氧发酵液为底物,通过链延长工艺生产中链脂肪酸,可有效提升产物的经济价值,因而是一种极具潜力的有机废物资源化方法。梳理了有机废物厌氧发酵液链延长的机理以及影响因素,分析了不同有机废物在厌氧发酵链延长中的作用,并提出了今后研究的方向。学术界已获得的研究结果表明,以混合有机废物作为底物进行厌氧发酵,可以实现氮源和碳源的相互补充,其获得的发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸浓度更高,这对后续的链延长产中链脂肪酸具有良好的促进作用。     

非饱和土壤轻油污染多相流研究进展

轻油泄漏到地下后 ,在非饱和土壤中水、气、油三相相互作用、相互影响 ,共同构成多相流体系统。在简要分析轻油污染问题的产生、危害以及轻油泄漏在地表以下运移方式的基础上 ,介绍并总结了近些年来国内外土壤轻油污染有关的多相流研究方面的进展 ,包括国外的模型研究成果、国内外试验研究方法和研究成果 ,并指出目前研究中存在的问题和需要进一步探讨的方向     

我国危险废物环境管理的法律法规和标准现状及建议

对我国危险废物管理现行法律、行政法规、部门规章和环境标准的状况进行了梳理,结果显示,法律中确立的一些危险废物管理制度尚未得到全面落实,管理过程中主要侧重无害化防治,而减量化和综合利用化的管理较为薄弱;危险废物管理的环境标准体系也还需进一步完善。建议修改、完善现行的行政法规、部门规章等,全面落实现有危险废物管理制度的实施,在危险废物管理中采取优先顺序策略,加强源头减量,促进资源化利用,在加强危险废物管理过程中的新技术和新方法研究的基础上尽快完善环境标准体系。     

直接利用葡萄糖的液流催化燃料电池改进

液相催化燃料电池（LCFC）可直接处理生物质并产电,而电池结构等因素对电池性能有明显影响,但目前还缺乏上述方面的研究。通过系列产电实验考察了温度和酸化条件对Nafion115膜性能的影响、不同氧化条件下石墨毡的改性效果以及电池内部导流槽在不同葡萄糖浓度条件下的影响。结果表明：质子交换膜适宜以80 ℃酸化处理,该条件下电池功率密度达到5.39 mW·cm-2;石墨毡改性适宜以50 mL·min-1干空气流速在420 ℃条件下对其进行煅烧,该条件下电池功率密度进一步提升至6.21 mW·cm-2;葡萄糖浓度显著影响电池性能,当浓度为2.0 mol·L-1时,导流槽结构会降低电池性能,当浓度为1.0 mol·L-1和0.50 mol·L-1时,导流槽结构使电池性能更优,并且也更加稳定。