碳磷比对SND过程污染物去除及N2O释放的影响

以两个平行运行的SBR反应器为研究对象,研究了碳磷比对同步硝化反硝化过程中污染物去除及温室气体N2O释放的影响.结果表明:系统对COD和氨氮的去除率均能达到90%以上,总磷和总氮去除率随碳磷比的降低而提高,这是由于低碳磷比下聚磷菌得到富集,同时部分聚磷菌利用NO3-和NO2-为电子受体吸收磷,从而实现脱氮除磷的同步提高.系统的N2O释放量随碳磷比的降低而降低,低碳磷比下N2O释放量仅为高碳磷比的76%.低碳磷比下N2O释放量的减少主要是由于异养反硝化过程对N2O释放的贡献降低导致的.     

不同EPS组成生物膜对Cu2+吸附的研究

采用自行设计的反应器,通过调节培养液的配比对载体进行挂膜,得到蛋白质和多糖含量比分别为7:1、5:1和10:1的3种生物膜作为吸附剂,用其对Cu2+进行吸附试验,同时对吸附机理进行探讨.结果表明,培养8d后,生物膜可挂膜成熟,在C/N=12时,生物膜上的菌落数较C/N=4和C/N=37条件下多.PN/PS值越小,生物膜对铜的吸附量越高,EPS3对Cu2+的吸附量分别高出EPS1 7.37 %, EPS2 7.62%.在生物膜吸附Cu2+后,溶液中Ca2+、Mg2+、K+含量明显升高,表明离子交换对生物膜吸附Cu2+起主要作用,且Cu2+更易与Ca2+和Mg2+产生离子交换作用.当KNO3浓度在0.1~0.6mol/L之间,随着离子强度的增加,生物膜吸附Cu2+的量迅速减少,当KNO3浓度大于0.6mol/L时,生物膜对Cu2+吸附量的变化趋于平缓,说明生物膜对Cu2+的吸附同时包括离子交换吸附和化学吸附.     

多段A/O工艺处理制革废水一级生化出水的效能

针对现有制革废水处理工艺难以使氨氮达标排放的问题,引入多段A/O工艺(MAOP)作为制革废水二级生物处理单元,探讨分段进水、水力停留时间(HRT)以及污泥回流比(R)对其COD和氨氮同步去除的影响.结果证明,无论是否分段进水,四段MAOP对制革废水一级生化出水均有良好的COD去除效果,当污泥停留时间(SRT)为18d、HRT不小于24h时,其出水浓度都可保持在300mg/L以下,满足GB8978-1996二级排放标准.在各段进水比为4:3:2:1、R 100%、HRT 48h、SRT 18d条件下,MAOP对制革废水一级生化出水的氨氮去除率高达97.7%,出水浓度3.6mg/L左右,达到GB8978-1996一级排放标准.MAOP同时具备反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化等多种脱氮机制,是一种颇具前景的制革废水生物脱氮技术.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定污水中14种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)联用法同时测定污水中14种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂(OPEs)的分析方法.样品采集后,经GF/C膜过滤,HLB固相萃取小柱净化后进样分析.以BEH C18色谱柱为分离柱,乙腈和水混合液为流动相(0.2 mL min-1)梯度洗脱,15 min内可完成14种OPEs的分离.在电喷雾正离子模式下,采用多反应监测模式(MRM)进行质谱测定.在加标浓度为1.0μg·L-1时,14种OPEs在污水处理厂进水和出水中的回收率分别为52.1%—119%、43.6%—114%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.2%—16.2%、0.4%—9.2%,方法的检出限(LOD)在0.3—6.0 ng·L-1间.方法精密度好,准确度高,可满足同时对污水样品中的14种OPEs进行定性及定量分析的要求.     

利用蚀刻废液生产碱式氯化铜过程中二英类污染物的去除

针对蚀刻废液及其回收后生产的碱式氯化铜产品中二英(PCDD/Fs)和二英类多氯联苯(dl-PCBs)进行了分析研究,并比较了采用去除工艺前后两类污染物含量水平的变化特征.利用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱对样品中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs进行分析,结果表明,氯化铜废液中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的平均总浓度分别为264、139 pg·mL-1,而铜氨液中浓度分别为0.09、0.50 pg·mL-1;碱式氯化铜产品中浓度分别为106 pg·g-1(2.79 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1)和27.8 pg·g-1(0.69 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1);而经过吸附和过滤等去除工艺后,产品中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的TEQ浓度水平分别降低至0.10—0.25 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1和0.05—0.72 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1,满足欧盟对于矿物源性饲料添加剂中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的限量标准要求.研究表明该工艺能够有效去除利用蚀刻废液生产碱式氯化铜过程中的二英类污染物.     

典型电子垃圾拆解区二噁英污染特征、相分配及暴露风险

选取南方某典型电子垃圾拆解区不同作业区为研究对象,重点研究了拆解地大气中二噁英的污染特征、气相-颗粒相分配及呼吸暴露风险。通过对5个采样点（包括1个背景点）的研究发现,电子垃圾拆解作业区颗粒相ΣPCDD/Fs的质量浓度为：20.64-56.14 pg·m^-3,毒性当量为：I-TEQ 0.293-1.490 pg·m^-3;气相ΣPCDD/Fs的质量浓度为：3.861-19.29 pg·m^-3,毒性当量为：I-TEQ 0.384-2.150 pg·m^-3。背景点大气中二噁英浓度相对较低,颗粒相和气相样品中质量浓度值分别为：3.734 pg·m^-3和2.637 pg·m^-3,毒性当量仅为I-TEQ 0.176-0.267 pg·m^-3;要明显低于电子垃圾拆解区。基于污染物气相-颗粒相分配系数与蒸汽压的关系对二噁英的气-固分配行为研究显示,除了拆解混合作业区有较好的分配系数（-0.64）外,其它监测点位二噁英的气-固平衡状态较弱（-0.27--0.03）,更多的是以低分子量的单体化合物赋存于气相样品中。对拆解区二噁英呼吸暴露风险研究结果表明,儿童呼吸暴露风险要高于成年人;同时无论是儿童还是成年人,其二噁英的呼吸暴露量均要高于国内外城市报道的二噁英人体呼吸暴露量,说明本次监测的电子垃圾拆解区存在的潜在健康风险不容忽视。     

菌根真菌侵染对植物生物量累积的影响

为了从生态系统尺度探讨菌根资源与植物生物量累积的关系,调查了鼎湖山不同成熟度的三个森林群落主要优势树种的菌根侵染情况.综合分析各森林群落优势树种的个体数、生物量和菌根侵染率发现：1）菌根侵染率与径向生长速率相关,植物生长迅速的阶段菌根侵染率更高.中径级（胸径15-30 cm）的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）和锥（Castanopsis chinensis）的侵染率比小径级（胸径1-15 cm）个体的侵染率高,而大径级个体（胸径30 cm 以上）的侵染率略低于中径级个体的侵染率.木荷（Schima superba）则表现出侵染率随着胸径增大而增高的趋势.2）树种在群落内的侵染率越高,其对群落生物量的贡献率越大.如马尾松在马尾松林和混交林的侵染率分别为（77.30±18.02）%和（40.50±14.42）%,其对马尾松林群落生物量的贡献率达到87.43%,是对混交林生物量贡献率（17.51%）的5 倍.混交林和阔叶林的共有优势树种锥的侵染率和生物量贡献率也有存在相同规律.3）根系碳储量占群落总碳储量比例较高的群落其优势树种平均侵染率相对较高.马尾松林、混交林和季风常绿阔叶林中,根系碳储量占群落总碳储量的比例分别为55%、54%、42%,群落优势树种平均侵染率分别为（66.73±10.55）%、（46.97±27.28）%、（54.22±25.45）%,马尾松林的根系碳储量和平均侵染率均高于混交林和季风常绿阔叶林.以上结果表明,菌根真菌侵染对于植物个体生长速率以及群落水平的生物量累积具有-定的促进作用.     

Neighborhood form and CO2 emission: evidence from 23 neighborhoods in Jinan, China

To understand the household C02 emission level in China, as well as how much the neighborhoods＇ socio-economic or design factors could influence the CO2 emission, 23 neighborhoods in Jinan were investigated in 2009 and 2010. These neighborhoods fall into four different types： superblock, enclave, grid and traditional. The household CO2 emission includes sources of both in- home energy use and passenger transportation. The average CO2 emission per household is 7.66 t.a^-1, including 6.87 t in-home operational emission and 792 kg transportation emission. The household CO2 emission by neighborhood categories is 10.97, 5.65, 6.49, 5.40 t-household-1. a-1 for superblock, enclave, grid and tradi- tional respectively. Superblock has the highest average emission and also the highest percent （more than 25%） of transportation emission among four different types of neighborhoods. The residential CO2 emission of superb- lock neighborhoods in Jinan has already reached the level in developed countries nearly ten years ago. It is predictable that more superblock neighborhoods would be built in China with the fast urbanization. How to avoid the rapid household CO2 emission growth in the future would be a systematic issue. The study also found that in addition to income and apartment area, household density, land use mix and accessibility to public transportation are three primary factors which have significant impacts on CO2 emission. High density, mixed land use and convenient accessibility to public transportation tend to reduce household CO2 emission.     

Validation of the UN test method N.5

Many substances react with water in such a way that flammable gases are formed. For transport issues this reaction may possess a considerable hazard especially if the cargo is wetted by rain or by water from other sources. In the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods these kinds of problems are addressed. The UN test N.5 “Test method for substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases” corresponds to this hazard. Classification according to the test method is done by measurement of the gas evolution rate of the flammable gas by any suitable procedure. At BAM a gravimetric approach is used to measure the gas evolution rate. In this paper we present the evaluation of the apparatus by means of an absolute calibration routine utilizing a reaction where a known amount of gas is produced as well as the evaluation of important parameters influencing the gas evolution rate using different substances. It can be shown that the apparatus is capable of measuring absolute gas volumes as low as 6 mL with an acceptable error of about 17% as determined from the reaction of Mg with demineralized water.     

A/O脱氮工艺实时控制对策的试验研究

以人工合成废水为研究对象,系统研究了提高A/O(anoxic/oxic)工艺氨氮和硝酸氮去除效率的实时控制对策.氨氮控制的本质是通过控制DO设定值和好氧区体积大小使出水氨氮浓度达标排放.硝酸氮控制的本质在于高效利用缺氧区反硝化潜力,为此建立了以调节内循环回流量或(和)外碳源投加量维持缺氧区末端硝酸氮浓度处于设定值的实时控制对策.系统控制采用两级结构,高水平监控层用来选择低水平执行层的设定值,而低水平执行层对DO值、好氧区体积、内循环回流量和外碳源投加量进行直接控制,试验表明上述控制对策可以显著提高系统脱氮效率,降低出水氨氮和硝酸氮浓度,并最大程度节约运行费用.