高浓度氨氮消化污泥脱水液半短程硝化试验研究

采用A/O工艺考察了消化污泥脱水液半短程硝化及维持的影响因素和控制方法.结果表明,在温度9～20℃、平均DO浓度5.4 mg/L、SRT 30 d左右时,进水氨氮负荷（以N计,下同）0.64 kg/(m³·d)的条件下启动,经过29 d实现了短程硝化,此后的65 d内,动态控制反应器游离氨FA>4 mg/L时,70%亚硝氮累积率的短程硝化得以维持;在实现短程硝化的基础上,进而实现了半短程硝化,出水氨氮与亚硝氮浓度比维持在1∶1.32左右;当氨氮负荷降至0.19 kg/(m³·d)时(FA<1 mg/L),短程遭到破坏,在不同FA下取样做FISH分析,进一步证明了高FA是维持半短程硝化的主要因素;在进水中COD为282 mg/L, C/N仅为0.85的条件下,由于实现了短程硝化,系统TN去除量约为91 mg/L.结果分析表明,消化污泥脱水液在中低温、高DO浓度、长SRT下,通过动态控制氨氮负荷和pH值等运行参数,在系统中维持适宜的FA浓度(>4 mg/L),可以实现并维持半短程硝化,为后续的厌氧氨氧化提供进水或回流到污水厂主流区而节省反硝化碳源.     

污水短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮中N2O释放量及控制策略

采用SBR反应器考察了短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化脱氮过程中N_2O的释放.通过实时控制策略实现了短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮,亚硝化率可维持在90%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.5、 1.0、 1.5和2.0 mg/L条件下,考察N_2O的释放和亚硝化率的变化情况.结果表明,溶解氧1.5 mg/L时最有利于维持稳定的亚硝化率,同时N_2O逸出量最小,每去除1 g氨氮释放N_2O 0.06 g;在碳纤维填料SBR反应器中,通过维持较低溶解氧水平和分段投加碳源的运行方式成功实现了同步硝化反硝化,同步硝化反硝化率在79%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.2、 0.4、 1.0和1.5 mg/L时,考察N_2O的逸出情况.结果表明,溶解氧在1.0 mg/L时最有利于控制N2O的释放,每去除1g氨氮释放N2O 0.021 g,其N_2O释放量仅为短程硝化反硝化的1/3.     

低C/N比条件下高效生物脱氮策略分析

针对低C/N比污水传统生物脱氮碳源不足、脱氮效率不高,提出从充分利用碳源和减少生物脱氮碳源需求量两个方面,来实现高效生物脱氮.在充分利用碳源方面,介绍了好氧缺氧分段进水工艺、脉冲式SBR工艺等改进型生物脱氮工艺;在减少生物脱氮碳源需求量方面,介绍了短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、完全自养脱氮等新型生物脱氮技术.并对这些技术和工艺的原理、优势、存在的问题以及应用情况进行了简要的分析.     

Effect of Al2O3 particle size reduction on aluminium dust explosion

To investigate the effect of Al₂O₃ particle size on an aluminum explosion, the overpressure and flame velocity in a vertical duct were evaluated. The results show that the inhibitory effect of submicron Al₂O₃ is best, while the inhibitory effect increases with increasing inerting ratio. However, the inhibitory effect of micron Al₂O₃ does not increase significantly after the inerting ratio exceeds 40%. For high-concentration aluminum powder, 0.8 μm Al₂O₃ with an inerting ratio less than 20% promotes aluminum explosion. As the inerting ratio increases beyond 20%, however, the overpressure decreases. Furthermore, Al₂O₃ inhibits the formation of the intermediate product AlO and decreases the flame brightness. As the inerting ratio of 0.8 μm Al₂O₃ reaches 50%, the white patches in the flame image disappear. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that the explosion products agglomerate and some dot-like protrusions appear on the surface of the unburned aluminum particles. The inhibition mechanism was qualitatively investigated. Physical heat absorption is proven to play a limited role. Thermal radiation and chemical inhibition play a key role. The chemical effect mainly influences the surface reaction energy source.     

铜中毒引起的秀丽线虫世代间可传递的缺陷

为了研究铜中毒引起的多重生物学毒性是否具有世代间的可传递性.利用秀丽线虫的寿命、体长、后代数目、繁殖速度、运动行为和行为可塑性等参数系统性地分析了铜的多重生物学毒性及其可能的可传递特性.铜中毒导致动物寿命缩短,生长发育受到抑制,出现产卵器发育畸形,世代时间延长,后代数目降低,运动行为也发生缺陷.这些多重缺陷具有浓度依赖性.此外,铜中毒引起的这种多重生物学毒性和行为毒性是可以传递给后代的,而且,后代中一些特定的缺陷比当代更加严重,如运动行为与行为可塑性等.依据这种可传递特性可将铜中毒所导致的多重缺陷分为4个类型.结果表明,秀丽线虫铜中毒引起的多重生物学缺陷很大程度上是可以传递给后代的.     

杂色云芝漆酶和发酵液降解对苯二酚研究

测定和分析了杂色云芝漆酶和杂色云芝发酵液对对苯二酚的降解反应.通过对不同底物质量浓度下杂色云芝漆酶酶学反应动力学特征分析,求得漆酶Lac A对对苯二酚的酶反应动力学方程V=1.52Cs/(16.55 Cs)和底物抑制反应速率方程γs=1.02/(1 12.86/Cs Cs/137.17).发酵液对对苯二酚的降解反应进程符合一级反应动力学方程lnC=-kt 6,发酵液对对苯二酚的降解反应动力学基本符合Michelis-Menten酶学反应动力学方程Vf=1.77Cs/(3.63 Cs),研究表明Lac A与发酵液对对苯二酚的酶学反应动力学具有较大的相似性,也存在着底物抑制现象,其底物抑制的动力学方程为γs'=1.40/(1 5.75/Cs Cs/278.26).比较漆酶纯酶Lac A和发酵液对对苯二酚反应的Km和Vmax数值,发现杂色云芝发酵液Km较小而Vmax数值较大,说明发酵液较漆酶纯酶具有更高的底物亲和力和催化效率.     

Carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 and pollution gases in winter in Beijing

An intensive observation of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM10 and gaseous materials (SO2, CO, and O3,) was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon (TC) and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2±120.4 and 172.6±198.3 μ/m3, respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime (24.9±19.6 μ/m3) was 40% higher than that in daytime (17.7±10.9 μ/m3). Average EC concentrations in daytime (8.8±15.2 μ/m3) was close to that in nighttime (8.9±15.1 μ/m3). The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with O3. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively.     

亚洲地区稻田N2O排放影响因子统计模拟分析

关于稻田N2O排放大样本统计分析大多只涉及水分因子和肥料因子,本研究收集历年亚洲稻田N2O排放资料和更多影响因子(水分管理、肥料类型及用量、土壤属性、气候和水稻类型等)的相关信息,从中筛选出具有统计学意义的因子,构建排放通量和上述因子的统计模型.具有统计学意义的因子包括不同水分管理措施、肥料用量、不同有机肥类型、不同p...     

热泵蒸发及其在浓缩垃圾渗滤液中应用的初探

在热泵蒸发过程中,二次蒸汽压缩比是个至关重要的参数,它直接关系到热泵蒸发的经济程度。对热泵蒸发中的传热过程及可利用的余热作了全面分析。最后对热泵蒸发在浓缩垃圾渗滤液中的应用进行了探讨。     

油气田压裂返排液治理技术研究现状

概述了压裂的目的、压裂液以及压裂返排液的来源和和水质特征。综述了近十年来絮凝沉降法、生物及生化法、高级氧化技术和Fe/C微电解组合工艺的水处理作用原理及其在压裂返排液治理中的应用进展。分析并指出了压裂返排液处理技术中存在的问题和今后的主要发展方向。