短程硝化反硝化工艺处理低C/N餐厨废水

针对餐厨废水的水质特点,提出低C/N下的短程硝化反硝化餐厨废水处理组合工艺。通过控制微氧区、好氧区DO分别为0.5 mg/L和2.5 mg/L;硝化液,微氧区混合液和污泥回流比分别为200%、100%和100%,可以实现NO2--N累积率达到90%以上,COD、氨氮平均去除率为73.42%和98.57%。较低的C/N使得反硝化效果不佳,对反应器进水补充适量的甲醇作为碳源,在COD/TN约为4的情况下,以NO2--N为主的反硝化可以使反应器对TN的去除率达到94%,出水各项指标符合相关排放标准,实现了餐厨废水高效和经济的生物脱氮。     

基于B/S+C/S的矿山安全标准化管理信息系统研究

首先介绍了安全标准化实施的关键步骤、技术特点及其在矿山的应用,通过现场调研、安全培训,危害辨识与风险评价、文件汇编等环节在山西某矿山建立了安全标准化管理信息系统,在此基础上开发了与之相配套的、基于B/S和C/S混合模式的、在局域网上运行的应用软件--矿山安全标准化管理信息系统.系统由统一信息发布平台、即时报警系统、安全记录管理系统、统计分析系统等14个子系统组成.系统的应用提升了矿山安全生产整体水平,实现了矿山安全标准化和信息化.     

Co-composting of Paper Mill Sludge and Hardwood Sawdust Under Two Types of In-Vessel Processes

Abstract

Recycling of organic residues by composting is becoming an acceptable practice in our society. Co-composting dewatered paper mill sludge (PMS) and hardwood sawdust, two readily available materials in Canada, was investigated using uncontrolled and controlled in-vessel processes. The composted materials were characterized for total C and N, water-soluble, acid-hydrolyzable, and non-hydrolyzable N, extractable lipids, and by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometry. In the controlled scale process, the loss of organic matter was approximately 65% higher than in the uncontrolled process. After undergoing initial fluctuations in N fractions during the first two days of composting, by the end of the process, concentrations of water-soluble N decreased while those of acid-hydrolyzable and nonhydrolyzable N increased in the controlled process, whereas in the uncontrolled process, water-soluble N increased, but N in the other two fractions decreased continuously, indicating that the biochemical transformations of organic matter were not completed. Data on extractable lipids and FT-IR spectra suggest that the compost produced from the controlled process was bio-stable after 14 days, while the uncontrolled process was not stabilized after 18 days. In addition, FT-IR data suggest the biological activity during composting centered mainly on the degradation of aliphatic structures while aromatic structures were preserved. The co-composting of the PMS and hardwood sawdust can be successfully achieved if aeration, moisture, and bio-available C/N ratios are optimized to reduce losses of N.     

Contributions to ecological chemistry CXII balance of conversion of buturon‐14C in wheat under outdoor conditions 1

Abstract

The urea herbicide buturon (N‐[p‐chlorophenyl] ‐N’ ‐methyl‐N’ ‐isobutinyl‐urea), ¹⁴C‐labeled, was sprayed on winter wheat as an aqueous formulation (2.98 kg/ha) under outdoor conditions. Upon harvest (three months after application), a total of 49. 2% of the applied radiocarbon was recovered: 2.0% in the plants, 46.9% in the soil, and 0.3% in the leaching water (depth > 50 cm); less than 0.1% was in the grains (0.464 ppm). Only about half of the radioactivity present in plants could be recovered under mild extraction conditions; about half of this was unchanged buturon. In straw and husk extracts, the following metabolites were identified by gaschromatography/mass spectrometry: N‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐methyl‐O‐methyl‐carbamate (metabolite I), N‐phenyl‐N’ ‐formyl‐urea (metabolite II), two unstable metabolites giving (p‐chlorophenyl)‐isocyanate upon purification (metabolites III and IV), N‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐N’ ‐methyl‐N’ ‐isobutenylol‐urea (metabolite V), p‐chloroformanilide (metabolite VI) and biologically bound p‐chloroaniline (metabolite VII). In the root and basal stem extract, the following metabolites were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: N‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐O‐methyl‐carbamate (metabolite VIII) and N‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐N’ ‐methyl‐urea (metabolite IX).     

电气火灾残留物的SEM分析方法研究

通过分析电气火灾的形成原因,总结出该类型火灾的残留物种类。然后利用电焊机和电阻炉等设备分别制备出铜铝导线的一、二次短路熔痕和火烧熔痕,电热丝的通电过热和火烧熔痕,并运用了目前一种新式有效的显微结构分析工具——扫描电子显微镜,对以上样品的表面进行微观形貌的观察、比较与分析。通过分析讨论,可以发现电气火灾残留物在火灾前后其表面的微观形貌特征存在明显不同。根据这些特征能够很轻易的鉴别出电气设备在火灾发生前的使用状态,从而推断出火灾是否由该电气设备引发而起。此项结论能够为从事火灾调查的人员对电气火灾原因的准确认定提供可靠依据,也能够为扫描电子显微镜技术的应用领域进行拓宽提供一些帮助。     

N,N-双(二硫代羧基)乙二胺对微量络合镍的深度脱除特性研究

以柠檬酸镍(CA-Ni)、酒石酸镍(TA-Ni)、焦磷酸镍(SP-Ni)3种低浓度模拟络合镍废水为研究对象,选用自制的重金属捕集剂N,N-双(二硫代羧基)乙二胺(EDTC),对废水中的Ni进行深度脱除.重点研究了EDTC投加量、初始p H、反应时间对Ni去除效果的影响及螯合沉淀物的沉淀性能和溶出特性,同时分析了EDTC去除络合Ni的机理.研究结果表明,处理初始浓度5 mg·L~(-1)的CA-Ni、TA-Ni、SP-Ni,p H为4~8,EDTC最佳投加量分别为60 mg·L~(-1)、55 mg·L~(-1)和70 mg·L~(-1),PAM(聚丙烯酰胺)为1 mg·L~(-1),反应时间2 min,Ni的出水浓度均低于0.05mg·L~(-1),去除率达99%以上.螯合沉淀物沉降性能好且在弱酸弱碱条件下能稳定存在.红外光谱图和元素分析结果表明:EDTC与Ni发生螯合反应,即EDTC直接脱除络合镍中的Ni2+,并与Ni2+生成更稳定的螯合产物EDTC-Ni,进而有效地去除废水中Ni.     

SBBR工艺外加碳源乙酸钠脱氮效果的实验研究

试验选取乙酸钠为外加碳源,采用SBBR工艺处理低C/N比城市生活污水。当外加碳源后的C/N比值增加至7.0左右时,对原水NH_4~+-N去除率最高为89.31%,外加碳源后的C/N为7.12时,TN的去除率最好,去除率为71.27%。结果表明,外加乙酸钠碳源后的SBBR工艺对于低C/N生活污水脱氮性能良好。出水水质指标均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)中的"一级标准A标准",出水可作为回用水。     

Fe~(3+)对不同进水氮磷比藻塘水质净化效果研究

铁是动植物进行生命活动不可缺少的元素。在藻塘内,铁能够影响藻细胞生长与繁殖,影响水质净化效果。通过研究不同浓度Fe3+对小球藻生长影响,并设定进水C/N和N/P,确定适宜Fe3+对藻塘出水理化性质及其污染物去除的影响。结果表明:当c(Fe3+)为10 000 nmol/L时,藻细胞质量增加约25%。适宜浓度Fe3+可调节藻塘水体DO、p H及ORP,提高净化效果。Fe3+利用率与COD、TN和TP去除率呈线性正相关,且随进水N/P的提高而增高。当ρ(N)/ρ(P)为50,ρ(C)/ρ(N)=5时,加铁藻塘COD、TN、TP去除率分别为45.34%、77.14%、43.11%,与未加铁藻塘相比,去除率分别提高约3,5.47,9.64个百分点。因此,铁可以促进藻类的生长,当藻塘进水ρ(C)∶ρ(N)∶ρ(P)∶ρ(Fe)为250∶50∶5∶1时,可降低污染物浓度,提高去除效果。     

进水C/N对A~2/O-BCO工艺反硝化除磷特性的影响

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧与生物接触氧化工艺组成的双污泥系统(A~2/O-BCO)处理实际生活污水.通过投加乙酸钠调节进水碳氮比(C/N=2.44~8.85),考察了系统的反硝化除磷特性.试验结果表明:进水有机物主要是通过改变硝化性能(即缺氧段反硝化负荷)以及聚-β-羟基链烷酸脂(PHA)的贮存和利用,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷效果.当进水C/N为4~5时,COD、TN和PO_4~(3-)-P去除率分别达到88%,80%和96%,实现了有机物、氮和磷的同步高效去除.碳平衡分析表明,A~2/O反应器去除的COD占去除总量的71.86%~77.28%,BCO反应器去除的COD仅占2%~12%,碳源的高效利用是A~2/O-BCO工艺在低C/N条件下实现深度脱氮除磷的重要原因.此外,通过进水C/N与曝气量、硝化液回流比、厌/缺氧反应时间等相关性的分析,提出了系统的优化运行策略.     

沼泽湿地植物光合特性及固“碳”潜势对外源氮输入的响应

以沼泽湿地典型草甸植被小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)为研究对象,在三江平原进行了野外培养实验,探讨了4个不同氮素输入水平(0(NO)、6(N6),12(N12)、24(N24)g·m-2· a-1)下沼泽湿地植物生长与光合特性的响应特征,并从光合固"碳"的角度分析了小叶章沼泽湿地的固"碳"潜势.结果表明,外源氮输入明显促进了小叶章的株高、叶面积及植株数,显著增加了碳的生物量积累,到植物生长季结束,N6、N12和N24三个施氮水平下,小叶章地上部分生物量分别比对照增加了58.79%、133.11%和190.55%.同时,小叶章叶片全氮含量、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量也显著增加,净光合速率明显提高,分别比对照增加了20.70%、26.69%和53.54%.从光合固"碳"的角度来看,外源氮输入能够促使沼泽湿地植物通过光合作用固定更多CO2.