Identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources based on GIS and chemometric approach

Comprehensive and joint applications of GIS and chemometric approach were applied in identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources with a large data set （5 years （2000-2004）, 17 parameters） obtained through coastal water monitoring of Southern Water Control Zone in Hong Kong. According to cluster analysis the pollution degree was significantly different between September-next May （the 1st period） and June-August （the 2nd period）. Based on these results, four potential pollution sources, such as organic/eutrophication pollution, natural pollution, mineral/anthropic pollution and fecal pollution were identified by factor analysis/principal component analysis. Then the factor scores of each monitoring site were analyzed using inverse distance weighting method, and the results indicated degree of the influence by various potential pollution sources differed among the monitoring sites. This study indicated that hybrid approach was useful and effective for identification of coastal water pollution source and spatial patterns.     

公钥基础设施(PKI)应用中的信任问题与安全解决方案

详细论述受信证书链的替换原理、方法和过程,及其引发的用户错误受信问题。通过分析得到安全证书链的长度为小于3,但由于实际应用的业务需要和安全性需要,证书链的长度通常至少为3。最后针对上述问题给出了一种安全解决方案,通过结合存储用户个人证书的USBKEY硬件设备,采用物理信任点代替逻辑信任点来防止受信证书的替换,为用户构建安全可靠的网络信任环境。     

基于模糊规则和BFS算法的行人疏散模型研究*

为建立更加真实的行人疏散模型,基于模糊规则和广度优先搜索（BFS）算法,利用元胞自动机,提出1种优化的行人疏散模型。引入动态模糊速度规则,建立移动速度与周边环境的模糊对应关系,从而模拟行人在不同环境下的运动速度;通过设定危险度规则,使用基于双端队列的BFS算法快速计算每个格子距离安全出口的“静态危险度”,并与出口处人群密度的“动态危险度”耦合,使元胞自发地向“总危险度”更低的方向移动;结合动态速度规则建立1种基于排队理论的出口疏散机制。结果表明:所建模型能够再现行人流自组织现象,真实地反应行人不同的移动方式以及疏散的具体过程;模型考虑了出口排队疏散机制对疏散时间的影响,使疏散效率得到提高,为行人疏散模型的建立以及公共场所的设施布局等应急疏散预案提供有效参考。     

分形与元胞自动机耦合技术应用于厦门城市生态规划

利用2002、2007年的两期TM影像数据,基于分形方法研究了厦门的城市形态特征。首先,利用网格计数分维法得出,自2002年以来分形维数从1.804增至2007年的1.847。由于其分形维数1.847已经超越了城市理想形态维数(1.71±0.02)。结合城市形态发展规律,今后厦门岛的分形维数递增速率减缓后会逐渐回归到城市理想形态维数值。其次,通过集聚分形方法确定了以厦门市政府为圆心半径6 200 m的一个范围,在此范围内合理规划生态用地,不仅会取得较大生态效益,而且会缩短整个城市的分形维数值回归的过程。最后,文章利用元胞自动机的方法,在集聚区域内对厦门岛分形回归进行了模拟分析,提出应在集聚区内转化30%的建设用地为生态用地。此集聚区不仅是城市生态规划工作的重点区域,而且也是改善厦门市整体环境质量的最佳范围。     

Urban ecological security assessment and forecasting,based on a cellular automata model: A case study of Guangzhou,China

Forecasting changes in urban ecological security could be important for the maintenance or improvement of the urban ecological environment. However, there are few references in this field and no landmark research work has been reported, particularly quantitative research. A forecasting model for ecological security based on cellular automata (CA) was developed using preliminary spatial data from an ecological security assessment of Guangzhou conducted previously (1990–2005). The model was constrained using transformation rules based upon proposed planning for 2010–2020. A simulation accuracy of 72.09% was acquired. Using a one-bit assessment grid for 2005 as the starting state for the simulation, the model was used to forecast ecological security for 2020. This revealed that although the ecological security status would be improved relative to current trends, there would still be an overall decline in ecological security over the next 15 years. Even if new urban plans were implemented, landscape pattern analysis suggested a more scattered and homogenous distribution in the urban landscape of Guangzhou and significant variation in landscape characteristics among districts. This suggests that further measures must be adopted to reverse the current trends in Guangzhou's ecological security. The model highlights the need to make ecological protection an integral part of urban planning. This study demonstrates the potential of CA models for forecasting ecological security. Such models could make an important contribution to decision-making for regional governors and to the development of urban planning incorporating assessment and prediction of ecological security.     

滤膜过滤 微波干燥法快速测定水中悬浮物

采用滤膜过滤微波干燥技术,建立了水中悬浮物的快速测定方法。以0.45μm硝酸乙酸纤维素(CN-CA)滤膜为过滤介质,采用变功率连续加热模式,空白湿滤膜在10 min内恒重(900 W/5 min+500 W/5 min),附有悬浮物的湿滤膜在13 min内恒重(900 W/8 min+500 W/5 min)。选择不同质量浓度的高岭土标准样品和不同类别的实际样品进行方法性能测试,结果表明,该方法检出限为5 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.7%~7.1%,相对误差为2.0%~5.0%,采用该方法与采用标准方法《水质悬浮物的测定重量法》(GB 11901—89)测定实际样品的结果吻合。该方法显著缩短了水中悬浮物测定的分析时间,精密度和准确度能够满足分析要求,可用于地表水及一般工业排放废水中悬浮物质量浓度的快速测定。     

武水河水质时空分布特征及污染成因的解析

运用主成分分析和聚类分析方法,对2013—2015年武水河流域7个监测断面的11个水质指标数据进行分析,揭示武水河水质时空分布差异性,辨识主要污染因子,解析污染成因.2013—2015年,流域水质整体较好,尚存在不达标断面.长河水库和黄岑水库出现NH_3-N超标现象,岑水桥和芙安河老桥断面出现重金属As超标现象,但NH_3-N和As浓度趋于降低.武水河流域监测断面水质由高到低的顺序为:水库断面支流断面干流断面.2013年,流域主要污染因子为NH_3-N、TN和As,主要源自农业面源污染和工业污染;2014年,流域主要污染因子为COD_(Mn)、NH_3-N、TP,主要源于生活污水和工业污染;2015年,流域主要污染因子为BOD_5、粪大肠杆菌、pH,主要来源生活污水和畜禽养殖.因此,流域内工业污染和农业面源污染对水质的影响逐年降低,生活污水和畜禽养殖对水质的影响逐年增大.流域内通过建设污水处理厂,实施重金属综合治理等项目,减少污染物排放,改善流域水环境质量.     

Abnormal amniotic fluid levels of CA 125 in second-trimester Down syndrome pregnancies

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of CA 125 in second trimester amniotic fluid from Down syndrome pregnancies. CA 125 was measured in stored amniotic fluid samples from pregnancies of 14–19 weeks' gestation with and without Down syndrome fetuses. CA 125 levels were expressed in multiples of the median (MOM) for normal pregnancies of the same gestational age. Twenty-one pregnancies with Down syndrome fetuses and 63 unaffected controls matched for maternal age, gestational age, and duration of storage were studied. The median MOM values of the affected pregnancies were significantly higher than those of the controls (1·41 MOM versus 0·99 MOM). These findings show that there is an increased concentration of CA 125 in second-trimester amniotic fluid from Down syndrome pregnancies.     

Subnational government and EIA in the developing world: Bureaucratic strategy and political change in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

EIA has been instituted in developing countries in the last decade largely in response to outside pressures. Governments have been quick to initiate reforms rather than jeopardize projects that might be key to national development plans. At the subnational level, most projects are not financed by foreign aid. The application of EIA at this level is often the result of pressure exerted on policy elites by the bureaucracy. This paper describes the reorganization of environmental protection agencies in the state of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. This reorganization provided the setting for a bureaucratic initiative on EIA. The authors also analyze two cases in which EIA was applied unsatisfactorily and comment on the political realites of implementing EIA at the subnational level.     

黄河兰州段水体中有色溶解性有机质组成、空间分布特征及来源分析

利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、激发发射矩阵荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC),分析黄河兰州段水体有色溶解有机质(CDOM)的组成、空间分布以及来源.结果表明,黄河兰州段水体CDOM可能是由芳香性结构的小分子组成,解析出的4个组分中,类蛋白质(1个组分)含量最多,占总荧光强度的51.06%,类腐殖质(2个组分)次之,占36.74%,非类腐殖质(1个组分)最少,占12.20%,类蛋白质组分和类腐殖质组分来源不同.CDOM属于"类蛋白质-类腐殖质"复合主导型,以生物来源的类蛋白质为主.从上游到下游河段,CDOM的空间分布格局大体有一个先降低再升高再降低的过程,其趋势主要受到类蛋白质含量变化的影响.类蛋白质的含量受到了居民/商业污水排放、河岸及水上餐饮、娱乐设施、船舶运输以及少量工业企业废水排放等各种高强度人为活动干扰.黄河流经兰州市受到了一定的内源污染,建议对黄河兰州段水体进行内源污染的控制.