2-碘芴在鲮鱼(Cirrhina molitorella)中的积累、分布、代谢和排泄

卤代芴是近年发现的新型环境污染物,目前尚无其生态毒理学研究的报道。以~(125)I-2-碘芴(~(125)I-2-IFlu)作为2-碘芴(2-IFlu)的放射性示踪剂,研究了2-IFlu在鲮鱼(Cirrhina molitorella)中的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程;同时,以2-溴芴(2-Br Flu)作为2-IFlu的质谱示踪剂,进一步对2-IFlu在鲮鱼体内的生物转化产物进行结构表征。结果表明,鲮鱼对2-IFlu的积累表现为波浪式增长,浓集系数在积累7 d时达到1 251.13。2-IFlu及其代谢产物主要积累在鲮鱼的胆囊部位,峰值时所占比例超过生物总吸收量的60%,此时胆囊的浓集系数达78.85×103。鲮鱼对2-IFlu的排泄具有清晰的快、慢两个排泄阶段,排泄实验开始后短时间内拥有较快排泄速度,残留率降至19.20%,之后转入慢速排泄。快排泄期2-IFlu及其代谢物仍主要分布于胆囊部位,慢排泄期时分布于其余内脏和剩余组织中。对胆汁的甲醇提取物进行薄层层析-放射自显影分析发现,积累4 d时鲮鱼胆汁中的2-IFlu全部以其代谢物形式存在,主代谢产物为3种大极性物质。经质谱确认,鲮鱼胆汁中的2-IFlu代谢主产物为2-IFlu-硫酸酯、2-IFlu-(OH)-硫酸酯、2-IFlu-葡萄糖醛酸和2-IFlu-(OH)-葡萄糖醛酸。表明2-IFlu进入鲮鱼体内后,很快被转化为一相代谢氧化产物,随之发生后续的二相代谢过程进一步转化为极性基团加合的代谢产物,最终排出体外。     

巢湖水质时空分布模式研究

依据2004~2006年12个采样点11个水质指标数据,应用主成分分析(PCA)、聚类分析(CA)、判别分析(DA)和基于G IS平台的克里格插值法,对巢湖水质时空分布模式进行研究。通过统计分析将巢湖11个水质指标概括为4个主成分:第一主成分COD、BOD5和Chl-a;第二主成分电导率、NH4+-N、TN和TP;第三主成分温度和DO;第四主成分pH和SD。在空间尺度上分为2组,分别对应于东西半湖。除了DO指标,空间上西半湖周边区域的水质指标浓度显著高于东半湖;东西半湖TP和COD空间分布相似;在时间尺度上,可分为1月~3月份、12月份一组和4月~11月份一组;TP、COD、DO和SD指标第一时期浓度高于第二时期,温度、电导率和Chl-a指标则相反;溶解氧和温度两者的时间差异性呈现明显的负相关。并对采样点和采样频次进行了适当优化。     

天津市滨海新区城市形态演化模拟及驱动力分析

基于TM遥感影像、城市规划图等数据,利用logistic CA模型,模拟了2005~2010年天津市滨海新区城市形态演化,经过模拟面积和Lee Sallle指数两个指标的精度评价后,定量分析了新版总规实施后城市形态演化的驱动力。实证研究表明：滨海新区城市形态扩展迅速,驱动力大小依次是自然环境、经济发展、交通带动、城市规划引导;其中交通驱动力中,影响最强烈的依次是火车站、城市的道路、高速出入口、县乡道、航道、省道。因此提出：城市规划必须顺应城市形态发展的规律,把握好可控的关键驱动力,科学预测城市形态发展和提出城市规划方案,做到积极有效的引导城市形态发展     

Network and system diagrams revisited: Satisfying CEA requirements for causality analysis

Published guidelines for Cumulative Effects Assessment (CEA) have called for the identification of cause-and-effect relationships, or causality, challenging researchers to identify methods that can possibly meet CEA's specific requirements. Together with an outline of these requirements from CEA key literature, the various definitions of cumulative effects point to the direction of a method for causality analysis that is visually-oriented and qualitative. This article consequently revisits network and system diagrams, resolves their reported shortcomings, and extends their capabilities with causal loop diagramming methodology. The application of the resulting composite causality analysis method to three Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) case studies appears to satisfy the specific requirements of CEA regarding causality. Three “moments” are envisaged for the use of the proposed method: during the scoping stage, during the assessment process, and during the stakeholder participation process.     

鸡蛋壳制备乙酸钙冰雪融化剂的研究

以鸡蛋壳为原料，对高温煅烧分解蛋壳、中和法制备乙酸钙(CA)的最佳反应条件进行了研究，试验结果表明：在反应温度为50℃、配料摩尔比为CaO：乙酸=1：2．8、乙酸浓度为15mol／L、石灰乳浓度(以氧化钙计)为1．3mol／L时CA产量最大。产品融冰试验表明：CA在环境温度-10℃以上使用时，其融冰效果较好。     

Maternal serum CA 125 levels in pregnancies with chromosomally-normal and -abnormal fetuses

We measured the maternal serum cancer antigen 125 (MS-CA 125) levels in 98 nonpregnant women, 765 first- and second-trimester pregnancies with chromosomally-normal fetuses, and 54 chromosomally-abnormal pregnancies. To determine the MS-CA 125 concentration, we used a new automated microparticle enzyme immunoassay with low inter-assay variability. The median MS-CA 125 level decreased from the first to the second trimester of pregnancy and was higher than that in non-pregnant women. We found no difference between normal and Down's syndrome (n = 29) pregnancies ( t-test: t = 0·57, p >0·5). The MS-CA 125 levels in pregnancies with other chromosomal abnormalities showed no difference either, compared with the normals. We conclude that MS-CA 125 is not a useful marker for fetal Down's syndrome, nor for other chromosomal disorders in pregnancy.     

灾害系统模拟技术和方法述评

灾害模拟不仅可以分析各种灾害的动态演变规律,帮助人们识别灾害风险的高低和影响程度,为制定各种防灾减灾措施提供帮助;还可以协助应急预案的制定和相关人员的应急培训.评述了当前灾害系统和灾害应急响应模拟中使用的主要技术和方法,CA方法主要用于模拟各种致灾因子,揭示山崩、火灾等演变规律;MAS主要用于模拟人类系统,反映人们在灾害发生时的认知和反应过程;DES适合各种灾害的突发情景处理,为制定应急预案提供背景和依据;高层次架构和网格平台为大型分布式模拟和利用公共网络提供了可能.未来的灾害模拟将综合各种技术和方法,为综合灾害风险管理提供帮助.     

改性PES膜在MBR中膜阻力分析及膜污染机理研究

以聚醚砜(PES)、醋酸纤维素(CA)和纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)为膜材料,采用L-S相转化法制备共混改性PES膜。在24℃、0.2 MPa的操作条件下,制得的PES膜纯水通量为300 L/(m2.h)左右,CA改性PES膜为660 L/(m2.h)左右,TiO2改性PES膜为840 L/(m2.h)左右。通过膜生物反应器中膜阻力的测定,表明膜污染主要由浓差极化层及凝胶层引起的;通过活性污泥对膜污染机理的研究,判断出污泥的过滤过程基本符合沉积过滤定律。在MBR中运行时,改性PES膜稳定通量高于未改性膜,总阻力低于未改性膜;TiO2改性膜稳定通量高于CA改性膜,总阻力低于CA改性膜;通过扫描电镜分析,改性PES膜沉积层的厚度均比未改性膜薄,TiO2改性膜沉积层厚度小于CA改性膜,表明改性膜的抗污染性能提高了,TiO改性膜抗污染性能更优。     

The effect of in utero exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls on reproductive development in eight year-old children

We have previously reported on the effects of in utero exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on thyroid function and growth hormone concentrations at birth and in two and five year-old children. Herein, we present our most recent follow-up examination findings for the same cohort of children at eight-years of age. A total of 56 children (23 boys, 33 girls) were examined. Bone age (BA), hormone concentrations, and indicators of reproductive development including Tanner, breast, genital, and armpit stages were assessed. Estradiol concentrations were significantly lower in children exposed to higher levels than median of PCDD/Fs + PCBs TEQ compared to the children exposed to levels lesser than median (P = 0.003). Girls exposed to higher levels than median of indicator PCBs had a significantly greater proportion in genital stage 1 and shorter fundi and uteri lengths, as compared to those exposed to low levels (P = 0.025 and P < 0.05, respectively). There was a significant negative relationship between estradiol concentrations and PCDD/Fs + PCB exposure level (P = 0.005). After adjusting for BA, there was a significant association between fundus length and indicator PCB exposure level (P = 0.034). Exposure to both high levels of ΣPCDD/Fs + PCBs TEQ and high levels of total PCBs was associated with decreased fundus length (P = 0.016) and uterus length (P = 0.016). In utero exposure to high levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs may result in lower estradiol concentrations in eight year-old children and impaired reproductive development in girls.     

美国《化学文摘》对环境科学论文文摘的处理和加工

根据CA文摘的要求,以美国《化学文摘》收录部分环境科学文献为例,对收录前后标题、文摘进行探析。论述科技论文文摘的写作与翻译方法,说明科技文摘写作与翻译中存在的不规范和应注意问题,以便科技文摘更具有科学性。