天然沸石及改性沸石去除低浓度氨氮的研究

研究了天然斜发沸石在不同的酸、碱和盐改性条件下吸附去除氨氮（NH₄＋-N）的效果.结果表明:沸石吸附NH₄＋-N动力学曲线符合“快速吸附、缓慢平衡"的特点,且初始ρ（NH₄＋-N）越高,吸附速率越快;天然沸石及其改性沸石吸附NH₄＋-N为单分子层吸附过程,其吸附热力学曲线很好地符合Langmuir曲线. 沸石吸附NH₄＋-N是吸热反应,适当提高温度能够促进NH₄＋-N的吸附. 盐改性方法对沸石吸附NH₄＋-N的效果最好,增加了沸石的比表面积和总孔容,同时有利于沸石的再生.      

Effects of experimental protocol on global vegetation model accuracy: A comparison of simulated and observed vegetation patterns for Asia

Prognostic vegetation models have been widely used to study the interactions between environmental change and biological systems. This study examines the sensitivity of vegetation model simulations to: (i) the selection of input climatologies representing different time periods and their associated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, (ii) the choice of observed vegetation data for evaluating the model results, and (iii) the methods used to compare simulated and observed vegetation. We use vegetation simulated for Asia by the equilibrium vegetation model BIOME4 as a typical example of vegetation model output. BIOME4 was run using 19 different climatologies and their associated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. The Kappa statistic, Fuzzy Kappa statistic and a newly developed map-comparison method, the Nomad index, were used to quantify the agreement between the biomes simulated under each scenario and the observed vegetation from three different global land- and tree-cover data sets: the global Potential Natural Vegetation data set (PNV), the Global Land Cover Characteristics data set (GLCC), and the Global Land Cover Facility data set (GLCF). The results indicate that the 30-year mean climatology (and its associated atmospheric CO₂ concentration) for the time period immediately preceding the collection date of the observed vegetation data produce the most accurate vegetation simulations when compared with all three observed vegetation data sets. The study also indicates that the BIOME4-simulated vegetation for Asia more closely matches the PNV data than the other two observed vegetation data sets. Given the same observed data, the accuracy assessments of the BIOME4 simulations made using the Kappa, Fuzzy Kappa and Nomad index map-comparison methods agree well when the compared vegetation types consist of a large number of spatially continuous grid cells. The results of this analysis can assist model users in designing experimental protocols for simulating vegetation.     

混凝沉淀—气浮—生化处理洗毛废水

采用混凝沉淀－气浮－生化处理洗毛废水。混凝沉淀－气浮在进水ＣＯＤ１４５００ｍｇ／Ｌ,处理水量２０００ｍ＾３／ｄ,ＣＯＤ去除率９０％;ＨＲＴ ３２ｈ生化处理时,出水ＣＯＤ为１８７ｍｇ／ｌ,可达到污水综合排放二级标准（洗毛行业）。     

制革废水试验研究

采用预处理-混凝沉淀-微滤组合工艺对制革废水进行试验研究.结果表明,制革废水经预处理后用硫酸亚铁酸洗废液作混凝剂是行之有效的,经此工艺处理后,COD、BOD5、SS和色度去除率分别为80.4%、87.2%、88.6%和91.7%,处理后废水水质达到排放标准且可回用于生产.在较低温度下,用硫酸亚铁作混凝剂仍能较好地完成混凝沉淀,验证了硫酸亚铁的低温混凝效果.此工艺具有很好的应用前景,尤其适合北方寒冷地区.     

活性炭应用测试新技术——微型快速穿透实验

进行了微型快速穿透(MCRB)实验与中小型、小型传统穿透实验方法的对照实验,结果表明,MCRB实验适用于模拟大型活性炭床的穿透情况,预测处理费用以及精选活性炭.MCRB实验加快了实验速度,避免了传统穿透实验中常见的问题.空床接触时间(EBCT)、活性炭粒径对MCRB实验有一定影响.使用粒径120～180目的活性炭,MCRB实验的压力一般小于3.03×10⁵Pa.MCRB实验对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)和甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)模拟废水的吸附处理获得合理的研究结果.     

准好氧填埋结构ch4含量分布变化研究

依据准好氧填埋原理构建了填埋试验装置,对甲烷、氧气在准好氧填埋体中不同层次的体积分数进行了监测。结果表明:垃圾填埋体下层φ(ch₄)为33 1%,φ(O₂)为1 1%;中层φ(ch₄)为15 0%,φ(O₂)为4 2%;上层φ(ch₄)为3 1%,φ(O₂)为12 2%。而厌氧填埋结构的φ(ch₄):下层为31 5%,中层为32 6%,上层为22 0%。在准好氧填埋结构条件下,φ(ch₄)的分布具有下层>中层>上层的层次特性;φ(O₂)呈上层>中层>下层的规律性。在准好氧填埋、厌氧填埋体中,φ(ch₄)的平均值分别为17 0%和29 0%。      

超声技术降解对氯苯酚的研究

研究了超声降解对氯苯酚(4-cp)溶液的规律和超声波对其降解效果的影响因素。实验结果说明溶液的初始浓度、辐射时间、作用频率和作用功率、pH值等因素对对氯苯酚降解效果有明显影响。实验的最佳方案是:溶液的初始浓度为50.30mg/L、超声辐射时间为360min、作用频率为59kHz和作用功率为90W。     

氯仿萃取法处理4-氨基安替比林的研究

用氯仿萃取法处理4-氨基安替比林可获得较低的空白测定消光值,并且步骤简便,易于操作。     

活性污泥工艺中加代谢解偶联剂降低污泥产率的研究

2,4,5-三氯苯酚（TCP）作为代谢解偶联剂投加到连续曝气分批培养的活性污泥工艺中,在30d的运行期间,TCP质量浓度为2．0mg／L和4．0mg／L的污泥产率分别比对照反应下降了约25％和50％,而基质的去除率及出水的氮和磷浓度均未受很大影响,污泥的沉降性能也未受影响。镜检发现,30d运行后对照实验的反应器中仍有丝状菌,而投加TCP反应器的污泥中几乎未发现丝状菌的存在。应用TCP作为代谢解偶联剂投加到活性污泥工艺中可减少剩余污泥的产量。     

Heavy metals' content of automotive shredder residues (ASR): evaluation of environmental risk

Every year between 8 and 9 millions of vehicles in the European Union arrive to their end of life. Car wastes can have a very high metal content, falling into hazardous waste class. A preliminary evaluation of these wastes could be made by metals' leaching test runs which is the main objective of the present study. Evaluation of the total metal content was carried out by X-ray fluorescence and the mobility of these metals using two simple standardized extractions such as the TCLP (Toxicity Characterisation Leaching Procedure) of the US EPA and the German leaching test DIN 38414-S4. Additionally, an extraction test with acetone was performed in order to recognise metals bounded to organic matter. The results show that the total metal content of the ASR can overpass the established values for inert residues. Lead and zinc contents are fairly well correlated with grain-size, whilst other metals' contents do not exhibit clear grain-size dependence.