Systematic Temporal Patterns in the Relationship Between Housing Development and Forest Bird Biodiversity

As people encroach increasingly on natural areas, one question is how this affects avian biodiversity. The answer to this is partly scale‐dependent. At broad scales, human populations and biodiversity concentrate in the same areas and are positively associated, but at local scales people and biodiversity are negatively associated with biodiversity. We investigated whether there is also a systematic temporal trend in the relationship between bird biodiversity and housing development. We used linear regression to examine associations between forest bird species richness and housing growth in the conterminous United States over 30 years. Our data sources were the North American Breeding Bird Survey and the 2000 decennial U.S. Census. In the 9 largest forested ecoregions, housing density increased continually over time. Across the conterminous United States, the association between bird species richness and housing density was positive for virtually all guilds except ground nesting birds. We found a systematic trajectory of declining bird species richness as housing increased through time. In more recently developed ecoregions, where housing density was still low, the association with bird species richness was neutral or positive. In ecoregions that were developed earlier and where housing density was highest, the association of housing density with bird species richness for most guilds was negative and grew stronger with advancing decades. We propose that in general the relationship between human settlement and biodiversity over time unfolds as a 2‐phase process. The first phase is apparently innocuous; associations are positive due to coincidence of low‐density housing with high biodiversity. The second phase is highly detrimental to biodiversity, and increases in housing density are associated with biodiversity losses. The long‐term effect on biodiversity depends on the final housing density. This general pattern can help unify our understanding of the relationship of human encroachment and biodiversity response. Patrones Sistemáticos Temporales en la Relación entre Desarrollos Urbanos y la Biodiversidad de Aves de Bosque     

Quantifying population declines based on presence‐only records for red‐list assessments

Accurate trend estimates are necessary for understanding which species are declining and which are most in need of conservation action. Imperfect species detection may result in unreliable trend estimates because this may lead to the overestimation of declines. Because many management decisions are based on population trend estimates, such biases could have severe consequences for conservation policy. We used an occupancy‐modeling framework to estimate detectability and calculate nationwide population trends for 14 Swiss amphibian species both accounting for and ignoring imperfect detection. Through the application of International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List criteria to the different trend estimates, we assessed whether ignoring imperfect detection could affect conservation policy. Imperfect detection occurred for all species and detection varied substantially among species, which led to the overestimation of population declines when detectability was ignored. Consequently, accounting for imperfect detection lowered the red‐list risk category for 5 of the 14 species assessed. We demonstrate that failing to consider species detectability can have serious consequences for species management and that occupancy modeling provides a flexible framework to account for observation bias and improve assessments of conservation status. A problem inherent to most historical records is that they contain presence‐only data from which only relative declines can be estimated. A move toward the routine recording of nonobservation and absence data is essential if conservation practitioners are to move beyond this toward accurate population trend estimation.     

Predicting vehicle fuel consumption patterns using floating vehicle data

The status of energy consumption and air pollution in China is serious. It is important to analyze and predict the different fuel consumption of various types of vehicles under different influence factors. In order to fully describe the relationship between fuel consumption and the impact factors, massive amounts of floating vehicle data were used. The fuel consumption pattern and congestion pattern based on large samples of historical floating vehicle data were explored, drivers'' information and vehicles'' parameters from different group classification were probed, and the average velocity and average fuel consumption in the temporal dimension and spatial dimension were analyzed respectively. The fuel consumption forecasting model was established by using a Back Propagation Neural Network. Part of the sample set was used to train the forecasting model and the remaining part of the sample set was used as input to the forecasting model.     

长春市春季PM2.5中金属污染与潜在生态风险评价研究

2014年春季采集了长春市大气PM2.5样品,测定了PM2.5及其17种金属元素的含量.PM2.5质量浓度为175.2±75.1μg/m3,变异系数为0.44,环境重污染日与优良日空气质量差异较大.PM2.5中金属元素平均含量顺序为Ca>Fe>K>Mg>Al>Zn>Ti>Mn>Pb>As>Cu>V>Ni>Cr>Co>Ba>Cd.采用富集因子法和潜在生态风险指数法对PM2.5中金属进行了评价.其中Cd、As、Zn、Pb、Cu富集因子大于100.金属综合潜在生态风险等级为极强生态风险,Cd的贡献率为83.2%,受人类活动干扰严重.     

不同流态下微波辐射对污水污泥性质的影响研究

通过对不同流态下微波辐射对污水污泥性质的影响进行研究,考察了不同流态下微波辐射作用处理后污泥沉降性能、脱水性能的变化,以及微波辐射作用下流态对污泥挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)溶解率、上清液中COD和污泥微观形态的影响.结果表明,流态对污泥的沉降性能和脱水性能有一定影响,微波辐射功率越高,流态对污泥沉降性能和脱水性能的影响越显著.微波辐射功率较低时,雷诺数Re越大,污泥的沉降比(SV)、比阻和泥饼含水率越小;微波辐射功率较高时,Re为2300的临界流态下污泥的沉降性能和脱水性能最好.随着Re的增大,VSS溶解率和上清液中COD升高,微波辐射功率分别为300、500、700和900W时,Re为3000的紊流流态下上清液中COD分别达到1.1、2.1、3.6和6.7g·L-1.SEM观察结果表明,微波辐射及流态产生的协同剪切应时适宜时,有利于污泥颗粒的絮凝反应,高强度的微波辐射和紊流产生的较大剪切应力导致污泥絮体被打碎.     

三槽氧化沟内底推位置与积泥厚度的分析研究

氧化沟工艺由于进水中含有大量的无机颗粒,无机颗粒的沉淀导致沟内积泥较厚。为了不影响正常生产,依据经验数据,依次对1号、2号氧化沟安装底推。对沟内积泥情况及影响因素进行分析比较,得出氧化沟的积泥主要由进水中密度较大的无机颗粒造成,且积泥规律与底推安装位置和运行情况相关。     

CEMS比对监测数据偏差研究

简述CEMS比对监测技术背景,总结实际监测工作中导致数据偏差的各方面因素,分析问题产生原因并提出解决措施和建议。     

基于遥感监测的黄海绿潮漂移路径及分布面积特征分析

本文利用2008～2012年的多源卫星遥感序列图像,动态监测各年绿潮发生的漂移路径、影响海域面积,得到各年绿潮漂移趋势、分布面积和最大分布面积出现时间。根据监测结果,划分出影响绿潮漂移路径的关键区域,并分析了2008、2009和2010年关键区域内各年绿潮漂移方向和面积变化情况。     

滁州市震害预测项目中地图数据处理方法研究

本文以滁州市震害预测项目为例,介绍了将DWG格式数据转换成SHAPE格式数据的方法和整个数据处理流程。总结了在数据处理过程中摸索出的数据错误检查和修改方法。     

论环境监测过程中的质量保证工作

介绍了环境监测工作中常用的质量控制方法。认为应通过质量控制工作,使监测数据符合五性：代表性、准确性、精密性、可比性、完整性。