Effects of Human Trampling on Populations of Soil Fauna in the McMurdo Dry Valleys,Antarctica

Abstract: Antarctic ecosystems are often considered nearly pristine because levels of anthropogenic disturbance are extremely low there. Nevertheless, over recent decades there has been a rapid increase in the number of people, researchers and tourists, visiting Antarctica. We evaluated, over 10 years, the direct impact of foot traffic on the abundance of soil animals and soil properties in Taylor Valley within the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. We compared soils from minimally disturbed areas with soils from nearby paths that received intermediate and high levels of human foot traffic (i.e., up to approximately 80 passes per year). The nematodes Scottnema lindsayae and Eudorylaimus sp. were the most commonly found animal species, whereas rotifers and tardigrades were found only occasionally. On the highly trampled footpaths, abundance of S. lindsayae and Eudorylaimus sp. was up to 52 and 76% lower, respectively, than in untrampled areas. Moreover, reduction in S. lindsayae abundance was more pronounced after 10 years than 2 years and in the surface soil than in the deeper soil, presumably because of the longer period of disturbance and the greater level of physical disturbance experienced by the surface soil. The ratio of living to dead Eudorylaimus sp. also declined with increased trampling intensity, which is indicative of increased mortality or reduced fecundity. At one site there was evidence that high levels of trampling reduced soil CO₂ fluxes, which is related to total biological activity in the soil. Our results show that even low levels of human traffic can significantly affect soil biota in this ecosystem and may alter ecosystem processes, such as carbon cycling. Consequently, management and conservation plans for Antarctic soils should consider the high sensitivity of soil fauna to physical disturbance as human presence in this ecosystem increases.     

不同培养模式对钝顶螺旋藻生长和固碳速率的影响

为提高钝顶螺旋藻的生长速率和CO2固定效率,从钝顶螺旋藻的培养方式,无机碳和有机碳的添加方式两方面进行优化。对比光自养、混养、异养3种培养方式的结果表明,混养培养能获得最高的生物量和固碳速率,分别为1.612 g/L和105.431 mg/(L·h)。考察自养-异养的混合培养下3种碳源添加方式的影响,对比2种无机碳源结果得到自养培养每8 h通入5%浓度的CO2,螺旋藻最高固碳速率和生物量分别达到265.455 mg/(L·h)和2.007 g/L,远大于添加16 g/L NaHCO3的生物量(1.648 g/L);且自养培养阶段添加1 g/L葡萄糖组较不添加组,生物量和固碳速率分别减小了0.370 g/L和17.902 mg/(L·h);无机碳源的存在对异养培养阶段的影响结果表明,暗培养过程鼓入5%浓度CO2,培养液的pH下降较快,影响生物量和固碳速率。因此,在自养-异养混合培养螺旋藻时,光暗培养阶段的两种碳源添加量要适当,保证螺旋藻生长和固碳最优。     

崇明东滩滨海围垦湿地生长季CO2通量特征

利用涡度相关法,观测了崇明东滩滨海围垦湿地2013年生长季的CO2通量,并分析了CO2通量动态特征及相关环境因子对其的影响。结果表明：该湿地2013年生长季累积净生态系统CO2交换量(NEE)达-1 033257 g/m2,表现为明显的CO2的“汇”。各月NEE平均日动态虽有差异,但均表现为典型的“U”型曲线;各月均表现为吸收CO2,其中7月份月累积NEE值最小,为-274928 g/m2,而9月份最大,为-67440 g/m2;就生态系统呼吸(Reco)占生态系统总第一性生产力(GPP)的比例(Z值)而言,4月份最小,而9月份最大。光合有效辐射(PAR)和日间净生态系统CO2交换量(NEEd)之间符合直角双曲线关系,表观量子效率(α)和最大光合速率(Pmax)分别在6月份和8月份达到最大值;相对于土壤温度(Ts),4 m气温(Ta4)能够更好的解释NEEn和NEEd的变化;各月NEEn与Ta4之间符合极显著指数函数关系;在7和8月份,NEEn与Ta4之间呈现出极显著负相关,即Ta4的升高能够抑制NEEn的增大,而其余月份则为极显著正相关。各月NEEd与Ta4之间均符合极显著二次函数关系,而在4、6以及9月份,NEEd与Ts10及Ts30之间并无显著相关性。就Q10值而言,除了7和8月,其余月份均呈现出Q10(Ta4)<Q10(Ts10)<Q10(Ts30)的规律。土壤体积含水量(SWC)和土壤盐度(Ss)是NEE的重要影响因子,二者与NEEn及NEEd之间均表现为极显著的相关性     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity,economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO2 emission sectors, China’s iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO2 emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO2 abatement,investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO2 emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO2 emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO2 abatement in China’s iron and steel industry, while achieving CO2 emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth.This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth.Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO2 abatement.     

掺入CO催化活化CO2加氢合成甲醇的研究

用ＴＰＤ,ＴＰＳＲ－ＭＳ活性评价等方法,用Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ催化剂,对ＣＯ２加氢合成甲醇的原料气掺入适量ＣＯ２进行了研究。结果表明ＣＯ２能占据催化剂表面部分ＣＯ２的吸附位,能抑制ＣＯ２加氢的逆水汽变换反应和促进甲醇合成,从而大大提高了ＣＯ２加事成甲醇的选择性和收率。     

火电厂排放CO_2的分离回收和固定技术的研究开发现状

本文论述了火电厂排放CO_2的分离回收和固定技术的研究开发现状,下述从火电厂排气分离回收CO_2的方法:(1)胺液吸收,(2)物理吸附,(3)膜分离,(4)O_2/CO_2燃烧及下述回收CO_2的固定方法:(1)物理固定(深海处置,EOR),(2)化学固定(CO_2有机合成),(3)生物固定(培养藻类),在技术上是可行的。但目前这些技术还处在基础试验阶段,离实用还有一段距离。今后应在现有的基础上继续试验研究,开拓思路,加强国际合作,争取在技术的实用性和经济性方面有所突破。     

水旱轮作土壤-小麦系统CO2排放及其影响因素

利用静态箱/气相色谱法对川中丘陵区水旱轮作区的小麦进行全生长季CO2排放观测.结果表明,(1)土壤-小麦系统的CO2排放通量存在着明显的日变化.凌晨400～600排放量最低,随着温度的升高,CO2的排放量逐渐增大,在午后100～300达到峰值.分析表明,气温和地表温度与土壤-小麦系统CO2排放通量之间存在显著的相关关系.(2)土壤-小麦系统CO2排放都有明显的季节变化.分析表明,小麦生物量和气温与土壤-小麦系统CO2排放季节变化之间存在显著的相关关系.(3)在小麦各个生育期中,CO2平均排放通量常规处理>无氮处理>空白>裸地.水旱轮作区小麦常规处理、无氮处理、空白点和裸地的CO2排放通量的平均值分别为574.51、362.23、239.91、129.47 mg/(m2·h).在小麦的各个生育期中,RH、RAR和RAS对土壤-小麦系统CO2排放的贡献率分别为20%、20%和60%.     

煤堆内CO浓度分布与变化规律的数值模拟

为了明确空隙率和风速等对煤堆长期堆放过程中堆内CO浓度（体积浓度）的影响规律,为煤堆长期堆放过程中和受扰动后的安全及环境问题提供理论支持,使用COMSOLMultiphysics5.0建立二维数值模拟模型,研究了堆内CO浓度随堆放时间、空隙率、风速变化时的分布与变化规律。结果表明,空隙率和风速低时堆内CO分布具有"烟囱"现象,且浓度高,随堆放时间延长堆内最大CO浓度具有"增长-降低-稳定"三段式变化规律,风速低时最大浓度与时间之间服从Gauss Amp函数分布,风速较大或时间较长堆内最大CO浓度基本稳定。     

PROJECTED INCREASES IN MUNICIPAL WATER USE IN THE GREAT LAKES DUE TO CO2-INDUCED CLIMATIC CHANGE1

ABSTRACT: Two scenarios of CO₂-induced climatic change are used to estimate changes in water use for a number of municipalities in the Great Lakes region of Canada and the United States. Both scenarios, based on General Circulation Models produced by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab (GFDL), project warmer temperatures for the region. Using regression models based on monthly potential evapotranspiration for individual cities, it is projected that annual per capita water use will increase by a small amount, which will probably have only a marginal effect on water supplies in the Great Lakes basin. This method could also be used to assess the potential impacts of CO₂-induced climatic change on water use by the agriculture and power sectors, as well as the effectiveness of water policy initiatives, such as price changes. More work is needed to project water use during peak periods (warm dry spells), which may occur more frequently in a 2 × CO₂ climate in this region.     

An Application and Evaluation of the CAL3QHC Model for Predicting Carbon Monoxide Concentrations from Motor Vehicles Near a Roadway Intersection in Muscat,Oman

The CAL3QHC model was used to predict carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations from motor vehicles at an existing urban intersection (Star Cinema in Muscat area, Oman). The CO concentrations predicted from the model were compared with those measured in the field. Predicted average CO concentrations were found to compare favorably with measured values obtained at all eight receptors considered within the modeled intersection. In general, the comparison indicates good agreement with some underprediction for CO. For receptor 6, the model overpredicts the average CO concentration. This overprediction is associated with the presence of trees and green area in the location of receptor 6. In general, the measurements and the model results indicated that the highest CO concentrations were found to occur close to the intersection and, hence, a decrease in the concentration levels was seen as the distance from the road increased. The results indicated that the levels of CO were well below the ambient air quality standard and that probably no health risk was present in areas adjacent to the star cinema intersection. However, the predicted worst-case 1-h CO concentrations assuming inversion atmospheric stability conditions (class F) and wind speed of 1 m/s indicated that the levels of CO were close to or higher than the Omans National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) value of 35 ppm at all receptors considered. The results of this study are useful in transport development and traffic management planning.Published online.