7种改性水稻秸秆对溶液中Cd2+的吸附

为实现废弃水稻秸秆资源化利用及其治理水环境中Cd²⁺的污染问题,用KMnO₄、KOH、H₂O₂、KOH+H₂O₂、酒石酸、柠檬酸、TiO₂对水稻秸秆进行改性,制成不同的水稻秸秆吸附剂来吸附溶液中的Cd²⁺,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱仪、比表面积及孔径分析仪和Zeta电位仪对改性前后的水稻秸秆进行表征分析,吸附过程采用准一级动力学方程、修正一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散模型进行拟合.结果表明：在Cd²⁺初始浓度100mg/L,pH7,水稻秸秆添加量为10g/L,25℃条件下,7种改性水稻秸秆吸附Cd²⁺的效果不同,其中经KMnO₄改性的水稻秸秆对Cd²⁺的吸附效果最好,吸附量达10.024mg/g,对Cd²⁺的去除率达到99.24%,比未改性水稻秸秆提高了99.44%,其次是KOH和KOH+H₂O₂改性处理的水稻秸秆,吸附量分别达到了9.302和9.189mg/g,对Cd²⁺的去除率分别达92.62%和90.82%,比未改性水稻秸秆分别提高了85.07%和82.83%.改性处理水稻秸秆吸附Cd²⁺的效果顺序为：KMnO₄ > KOH > KOH+H₂O₂ > TiO₂ > H₂O₂ > 柠檬酸 > 酒石酸.对于Cd²⁺的吸附过程,准一级速率方程只能较好地描述吸附初始阶段,准二级动力学方程则能很好地描述吸附的整个过程.经KMnO₄,KOH和KOH+H₂O₂改性的水稻秸秆是具有潜在利用价值的废水中Cd²⁺吸附剂.     

过氧化钙去除水中糖皮质激素的响应面分析

结合响应面方法Box-Behnken实验设计,对过氧化钙降解代表性糖皮质激素曲安奈德过程中的影响因素（过氧化钙投加量、溶液初始pH值、反应时间、糖皮质激素初始浓度）进行了探讨与分析,并对反应条件进行了优化.得出最优反应条件为：过氧化钙投加量4g/L;溶液初始pH值5.7,反应时间15.7min,初始TA浓度为0.06mmol/L.最优条件下模型预测的目标物降解率（88.6%）和实验得出的降解率（82.8%）数值接近,说明此响应面模型能够较准确预测过氧化钙对糖皮质激素的去除效果,并用电子顺磁共振仪对过氧化钙降解有机物过程中的作用自由基进行了检测.研究结果对过氧化钙技术去除有机污染物的发展有一定的参考价值.     

进料浓度对鸡粪长期高温甲烷发酵的影响

通过固定水力停留时间（HRT）为20d,逐步提高进料总固体（TS）浓度为5.0%,7.5%和10.0%的方式提高有机负荷（OLR）,在高温（55±1）℃条件下开展鸡粪长期甲烷发酵实验并测定了各阶段污泥的比产甲烷活性（SMA）,探究氨氮浓度对鸡粪高温甲烷发酵的影响.结果显示,当进料TS由5.0%增至10.0%,出料氨氮浓度由（2.5±0.3）g/L增至（6.1±0.2）g/L,挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）由（0.4±0.1）g/L增至（26.1±1.5）g/L,pH值由（8.3±0.2）降至（6.9±0.1）,产气率由（267.2±12.5）mL/g TS_in降至49.8±8.2mL/g TS_in,甲烷浓度由（67.2±1.3）%降至（36.0±1.7）%.长时间采用TS 10.0%的进料浓度,发酵系统中氨氮浓度最高达到7.5g/L,VFAs浓度达到27.0g/L,产气下降明显.氨氮抑制鸡粪高温甲烷发酵产气的初始浓度为2.5~3.0g/L.进料TS大于7.5%,鸡粪高温甲烷发酵会受到氨氮抑制.氨氮浓度的升高导致高温发酵体系利用乙酸产甲烷的能力降低,氨氮浓度达到5.5g/L,SMA降低60.0%;氨氮浓度达到7.0g/L,污泥利用乙酸产甲烷的活动几乎停止.     

多核yolk?shell型Co3O4@mSiO2纳米反应器降解双酚A

采用阳离子表面活性剂协助的自模板法合成了中空介孔SiO₂微球（HMSS）,然后向含HMSS的悬浮液中加入醋酸钴溶液和氨水,让两种溶液经HMSS表面介孔进入空腔中反应生成Co₃O₄内核,合成了多核yolk-shell型Co₃O₄@mSiO₂（介孔SiO₂）纳米反应器.结合XRD、XPS、SEM、STEM、BET等手段,分析了纳米反应器的形貌、结构、元素形态和比表面积.结果显示纳米反应器均匀分散,粒径约为300nm,表面布满介孔,内部分布大量Co₃O₄纳米粒子,拥有极大的比表面积161m²/g,远大于Co₃O₄纳米粒子的比表面积35m²/g,能有效吸附双酚A（BPA）,1h吸附容量达12.7mg/g.多核yolk-shell型Co₃O₄@mSiO₂纳米反应器能高效催化过一硫酸氢盐（PMS）降解BPA,2h降解率达81.8%,远高于Co₃O₄纳米粒子的降解率51.3%,同时能节省PMS的投加量,避免水中盐度过高.此外,合成的纳米反应器具有很好的再利用性,在pH值3~9范围内表现出稳定而高效的催化性能.     

深圳市城区和郊区黑碳气溶胶对比研究

为了解深圳地区黑碳气溶胶（BC）的污染特征,使用深圳市西涌（XC）站点（郊区）和竹子林（ZZL）站点（城区）2014年1月1日~2015年6月30日测得的BC浓度及常规气象资料,对比研究了深圳地区两个不同代表性站点的BC变化特征.结果表明：在观测期间,郊区XC和城区ZZL站点BC小时平均浓度分别为（1.12±0.90）,（2.58±2.00）μg/m³,本底浓度分别为（0.27±1.31）,（1.07±0.85）μg/m³,气溶胶吸收系数σ_abs分别为（5.87±4.81）,（13.47±10.50） Mm^-1,城区站点值均高于郊区站点.两站点BC浓度分布均为对数正态分布,且都呈现干季高、湿季低的季节变化特点.日变化分析表明ZZL站点BC浓度呈现明显的双峰结构,XC站点日变化不明显.通过计算两地的气溶胶波长吸收指数AAE值,发现两地AAE值均接近1,说明两地BC污染主要来源于化石燃料的燃烧.进一步分析可知XC站点西北方向32km处是世界第三大集装箱码头,当西北风达到一定程度时（10~20m/s）,码头排放的污染物将严重影响XC站点的BC浓度.后向轨迹聚类分析结果表明,XC站点主要受中远距离输送影响,ZZL站点主要受周边及本地污染源排放影响.     

大型综合购物广场中庭火灾烟气的数值模拟

中庭火灾的烟气流动与控制数值模拟是性能化消防设计的关键。借助Fluent软件,以广州某广场中庭为实例,考虑火源位置和补风口位置两因素,设计了不同的中庭类建筑火灾场景,并建立了数值模型。结果表明:当补风口稍高于火源时,不仅对火源的影响较小,还有利于烟气的排出;烟气中的CO向远距离处迁移时浓度变化较小;发生火灾时,中庭底部烟气的毒性危害高于烟气的高温危害。     

8-羟基喹啉功能化树脂HQDK-110对Hg2+的吸附性能

8-羟基喹啉对金属离子具有良好的络合性能。研究了一种8-羟基喹啉接枝DK-110的螯合型离子交换树脂HQDK-110对Hg~(2+)的吸附性能,并与DK-110树脂进行比较。考察了不同吸附时间、Hg~(2+)浓度、温度和pH值条件下两种树脂对Hg~(2+)的吸附性能和去除性能。结果表明,HQDK-110和DK-110树脂对Hg~(2+)的适宜吸附p H值为4.5左右。25℃时,HQDK-110和DK-110树脂对Hg~(2+)的吸附容量分别为2.496 mmol/g和2.290 mmol/g。HQDK-110和DK-110对Hg~(2+)的吸附过程更接近于一级动力学方程,其一级吸附动力学常数k1分别为0.009 4 min-1和0.011 8 min-1。吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。研究表明,HQDK-110对Hg~(2+)的吸附量和去除率优于DK-110,且树脂的稳定性优于DK-110,湿态树脂比干态树脂具有更好的重复使用性能。     

Are you okay to drive? Commuting behavior and blood alcohol concentrations among restaurant diners

Objective: Drink driving is widely recognized as a major road safety problem. In Australia, health promotion messages encourage monitoring the number of standard drinks consumed prior to driving. This pilot research aimed to investigate commuting behavior and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of diners, including intended drivers, at Sunshine Coast restaurants.

Methods: Five hundred and forty-four diners (n = 260 males) consented to participate in a brief interview and to use a breathalyzer device to measure their BAC.

Results: Forty percent of participants advised they don't drink and drive (34% of males, 45% of females; 67.25% of <17–20 years, 30.5% of 50–59 years), and of the remaining participants, 75% advised they count the number of their drinks (69% of males, 84% of females; 32% of <17–20 years, 82% of 50–59 years), while 10% of participants monitored their BAC by how they were feeling (12% of males, 6% of females). Thirty-seven percent of participants said it was easy/very easy to estimate their BAC (41% of males; 33% of females; 21% of <17–20 years, 43% of 50–59 years). The actual BAC was less than expected for 56% of participants, with one-third underestimating BAC and some intended drivers having an actual BAC in excess of the 0.05 limit.

Conclusions: Given the proportion of diners who reported they count the number of drinks, or use feelings as a way to gauge BAC, coupled with the considerable proportion who underestimated their BAC, a safer public health message is to avoid driving if you intend to drink. In addition, targeted intervention for experienced drivers (and, arguably, drinkers) appears warranted, as every participant aged less than 21 years who stated he or she would drive home indeed had a zero BAC. Interestingly every female driver who stated she would be driving home also had a legal BAC, suggesting gender-specific intervention.     

Perceived enjoyment,concentration, intention,and speed violation behavior: Using flow theory and theory of planned behavior

Objective: Road accidents are an important public health concern, and speeding is a major contributor. Although flow theory (FLT) is a valid model for understanding behavior, currently the nature of the roles and interplay of FLT constructs within the theory of planned behavior (TPB) framework when attempting to explain the determinants of motivations for intention to speed and speeding behavior of car drivers is not yet known. The study aims to synthesize TPB and FLT in explaining drivers of advanced vehicles intentions to speed and speed violation behaviors and evaluate factors that are critical for explaining intention and behavior.

Method: The hypothesized model was validated using a sample collected from 354 fully licensed drivers of advanced vehicles, involving 278 males and 76 females on 2 occasions separated by a 3-month interval. During the first of the 2 occasions, participants completed questionnaire measures of TPB and FLT variables. Three months later, participants' speed violation behaviors were assessed.

Results: The study observed a significant positive relationship between the constructs. The proposed model accounted for 51 and 45% of the variance in intention to speed and speed violation behavior, respectively. The independent predictors of intention were enjoyment, attitude, and subjective norm. The independent predictors of speed violation behavior were enjoyment, concentration, intention, and perceived behavioral control.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that safety interventions for preventing speed violation behaviors should be aimed at underlying beliefs influencing the speeding behaviors of drivers of advanced vehicles. Furthermore, perceived enjoyment is of equal importance to driver's intention, influencing speed violation behavior.     

Ca~(2+)在好氧颗粒污泥形成中的作用

通过运行序批式生物反应器与摇瓶实验相结合方法,在进水中投加不同数量Ca2+(0～200mg/L),考察了Ca2+在好氧颗粒污泥形成中的作用.当SBRⅠ、Ⅱ进水Ca2+含量分别为30、100mg/L,运行20d后,两反应器中均出现了好氧颗粒污泥.运行前50d,SBRⅠ中颗粒污泥浓度MLSS与污泥沉降指数SVI指标明显好于SBRⅡ;运行80d后,SBRⅠ、Ⅱ中污泥浓度MLSS均稳定在7.5g/L,SVI分别为46～48mL/g、45～47mL/g,差异很小.反应器运行90d后,SBRⅠ、Ⅱ中污泥Zeta(ζ)电位为-12.5～-12.6mV;摇瓶实验中,当进水Ca2+为0～200mg/L,运行至60d时,摇瓶中污泥Zeta电位为-14.1～-14.4mV;进水中Ca2+含量的增加对污泥Zeta电位影响很小,没有引起好氧颗粒污泥Zeta电位的明显差异,电中和在颗粒污泥形成过程中并不起重要作用.随着进水Ca2+浓度增加,颗粒污泥中的微生物数量与种类都逐渐丰富,Ca2+有助于促进污泥中微生物多样性.接种污泥及SBR中颗粒污泥的元素含量分析表明,好氧颗粒污泥Ⅰ、Ⅱ与接种污泥相比,颗粒污泥中Ca、Mg、K、Na含量均有所减少,Fe含量分别增加了4.42%、7.82%.具有良好絮凝作用的金属离子与EPS间形成的高分子生物聚合体可能是促进好氧颗粒污泥形成的主要原因.反应器运行期间,SBRⅡ对污染物的去除性能始终高于SBRⅠ,运行70d后,SBRⅠ、Ⅱ中颗粒污泥对NH4+、COD去除率较高达到90%以上,对TN、TP的去除率为65%～70%.