我国COD减排投资需求与投资压力研究

本文以国家环境保护部2007年底发布的COD总量减排核算细则为依据,对“十一五”期间31个省市自治区的COD削减需求进行了估算,并在此基础上对地区间的COD减排投资需求和投资压力进行了比较分析。研究表明,“十一五”期间我国COD削减需求较大,广西、宁夏、新疆等西部地区面临较大的工业COD减排投资压力,湖南、云南、江西等中西部地区、东北地区面临较大的生活COD减排投资压力。加强政策性资金在投资压力较大地区的倾斜、积极推动上述地区COD减排投资的多元化,对我国整体COD减排目标的实现具有重要意义。     

炼油污水的处理

采用接触氧化—曝气生物滤池—加氯氧化—砂滤—活性炭吸附的工艺对某炼油厂污水进行处理,运行结果显示:出水中石油类和SS均小于5mg/L,达到了设计回用指标;而对COD和氨氮的降解则存在不稳定现象,针对此问题作了进一步的工艺整改后此工艺最终出水可以达到该厂制定的回用水质标准。     

武汉市某小型浅水人工湖泊水质季节性变化研究

对武汉市某小型浅水人工湖泊水质进行一年的理化监测并分析,结果显示：COD、BOD5均有季节性变化的规律;气温的变化影响湖水及底泥中微生物的活性;天然降水量不同对湖水稀释程度不同;底泥的污染物释放量受温度影响;该水体可生化性差。据此,提出保护湖水的措施。     

活性污泥数学模型中溶解性惰性COD的测定

溶解性惰性COD(S1)是决定污水处理厂出水COD能否达标的关键指标.针对溶解性微生物产物对S1测定的影响,对S1的测定方法进行了修正.实际生活污水的测定试验表明,该方法具有很好的重现性和准确性.在长距离输送的合流制污水的实测过程中发现:晴天条件下,瞬时样的S1/COD和Si/SCOD(溶解性COD)变动较大,在24 h混合样中St/COD和S1/SCOD较为稳定,分别为(9.2±0.3)%和(27.3士2.1)%;暴雨天气下,S1/COD和S1/SCOD会明显增加.     

呼吸测量法测定废水中活性异养菌COD组分

废水中的活性异养菌(XH)会影响废水生物处理过程动力学,过程模拟需要对其定量表征.通过2种方法对城市污水中XH进行呼吸测量,分别结合XH最大比呼吸速率参数(P方法)和细胞生长过程模型拟合(F方法)测定其中的XH-COD组分.结果表明,F方法的测量结果是P方法的0.6～0.9倍,两者存在一定的丰廿关性;对于含高XH、低易生物降解基质(RBCOD)的废水,呼吸测量得不到明显的呼吸速率指数上升段,影响F方法的测定结果,水样稀释和外加RBCOD是可行的改进办法.使用P方法得到某城市污水厂进水的XH-COD占总COD的23%～46%(平均31%),高于多数文献报道结果.     

流动注射法实现COD在线快速监测的方法研究

采用流动注射分析技术,与COD在线监测标准方法进行实验比对,在保证测定结果准确可靠的前提下,实现COD的快速高效测定。流动注射测定COD的方法测量范围宽、重现性高、测量速度快、运行成本极低、无二次污染,能够满足各类在线监测和监管的需要。     

分光光度法测定叶绿素a的比较

比较了《水和废水监测分析方法》(第四版)和ISO 10260:1992(E)中测定叶绿素a的典型方法,结果表明两种方法的测定结果之间既存在显著性差异,又有一定的相关性,从提取方法、提取溶剂和计算公式等方面讨论了原因,指出ISO方法提取效率更高,操作更简便。     

丙酮萃取分光光度法测定水中叶绿素a实验条件的优化

基于丙酮萃取分光光度法,对叶绿素a测定方法进行深入研究,并通过单因素重复试验对冻存时间、冻存温度、萃取时间、萃取温度、细胞破碎方式、萃取剂浓度及萃取混合液提取方式等7方面的测定条件进行优化。优化后的实验条件为:水样经过抽滤后,置于-25℃低温冰箱中冻存12 h后取出,在常温下加入分析纯丙酮,用力振摇2 min至滤膜充分粉碎后定容到10 m L,静置不超过0.5 h,在离心机内以4 000 r/min的速度离心,取上清液进行比色。     

Microbial fuel cell with three-dimensional electrodes for domestic wastewater treatment and electricity generation北大核心CSCD

A single chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) with three-dimensional electrodes packed bed carbon felts was developed to treat domestic wastewater while simultaneously generating electricity. The influence of batch and continuous operation mode on treatment effectiveness and electricity production of the MFC was investigated to provide a reference for the application of the MFC. The MFC with a total working volume of 1 440 mL was operated in the fed-batch mode for 5 d repeatedly three times, and then shifted to the continuous mode. During the testing of the continuous mode, wastewater was continuously pumped into the anode compartment at a flow rate of approximately 0.2 mL/min, resulting in a hydraulic retention time of 5 d. During the batch test, the MFC obtained 91.1% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 98.2% NH4 +-N removal, which accorded with the first criteria specified in the discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plants in China (GB18918-2002). A maximum power density of 27.88 mW/m3 was achieved at a 51 Ω external resistor. During the continuous test, the COD removal efficiencies ranged from 83.2% to 97.4%. The concentration of NH4 +-N gradually decreased within 5 d and was then maintained below 9.45 mg/L, thus an enhanced removal performance of NH4 +-N was acquired. However, a low removal efficiency of total nitrogen was observed owing to the accumulation of NO3 --N in the effluent since day 11. Additionally, the MFC continually generated electricity with a maximum power density of 582.5 mW/m3 and average output voltage of 0.087 7 V during the stable period in the continuous operation mode. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing showed that Thauera sp., Saprospiraceae-UN sp., and OPB56-UN sp. were identified as dominant populations. The results suggested that the organic matter associated with power generation was constantly utilized by the microorganisms in the reactor, which caused an excellent electricity generation performance during the continuous test. Therefore, the continuous operation mode could improve the low output voltage phenomenon in the MFC. Thauera sp., as a type of nitrate-reducing bacteria, was enriched in the autotrophic denitrifying microbial communities; therefore, bio-enrichment with denitrifying bacteria such as Thauera sp. could decrease the concentration of NO3 --N in the effluent during the continuous operation mode, which is expected to be an innovation for improvement of wastewater treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

流动注射分光光度法测定天然水中亚硝酸根

采用流动注射分析技术,以N-(1-萘基)乙二胺为显色剂在540nm比色,建立了流动注射分光光度法测定亚硝酸根含量的方法。在30个／h样分析速度下,检测限为0．008mg／L。用于天然水样测定,结果令人满意。