污水紫外吸光度与污水COD之间的关系

利用紫外分光光度法直接测定污水中的COD因子,揭示自变量、应变量的数理关系,为简化COD因子的监测,设计新型自动化在线式监测装置提供理论依据。     

Treatment of sludge containing nitro-aromatic compounds in reed-bed mesocosms - Water, BOD, carbon and nutrient removal

Since the mid-1970s, Sweden has been depositing 1 million ton d.w sludge/year, produced at waste water treatment plants. Due to recent legislation this practice is no longer a viable method of waste management. It is necessary to improve existing and develop new sludge management techniques and one promising alternative is the dewatering and treatment of sludge in constructed wetlands. The aim of this study was to follow reduction of organic carbon, BOD and nutrients in an industrial sludge containing nitro-aromatic compounds passing through constructed small-scale wetlands, and to investigate any toxic effect such as growth inhibition of the common reed Phragmites australis. The result showed high reduction of all tested parameters in all the outgoing water samples, which shows that constructed wetlands are suitable for carbon and nutrient removal. The results also showed that P. australis is tolerant to xenobiotics and did not appear to be affected by the toxic compounds in the sludge. The sludge residual on the top of the beds contained low levels of organic carbon and is considered non-organic and could therefore be landfilled. Using this type of secondary treatment method, the amount of sludge could be reduced by 50-70%, mainly by dewatering and biodegradation of organic compounds.     

Organic and nitrogen removal from landfill leachate in aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactors

Granule sequencing batch reactors (GSBR) were established for landfill leachate treatment, and the COD removal was analyzed kinetically using a modified model. Results showed that COD removal rate decreased as influent ammonium concentration increasing. Characteristics of nitrogen removal at different influent ammonium levels were also studied. When the ammonium concentration in the landfill leachate was 366 mg L⁻¹, the dominant nitrogen removal process in the GSBR was simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). Under the ammonium concentration of 788 mg L⁻¹, nitrite accumulation occurred and the accumulated nitrite was reduced to nitrogen gas by the shortcut denitrification process. When the influent ammonium increased to a higher level of 1105 mg L⁻¹, accumulation of nitrite and nitrate lasted in the whole cycle, and the removal efficiencies of total nitrogen and ammonium decreased to only 35.0% and 39.3%, respectively. Results also showed that DO was a useful process controlling parameter for the organics and nitrogen removal at low ammonium input.     

便梁施工时铁路轨道安全性试验研究

为了保证列车在铁路便梁施工时安全运行,需要对铁路轨道的安全性进行研究。首先要对列车进行3个阶段的测试,即限速阶段、试验车测试阶段、监测阶段,测试每个阶段中钢轨的内、外轨垂直力和横向力;然后计算出脱轨系数和轮重减载率,测试轨头位移,计算出轨距弹性挤开量。根据试验结果,对行车安全进行评估,同时全过程监控行车安全,为以后铁路便梁施工时提高列车限速、保证列车行车安全提供重要技术参数,具有重要意义。     

冰力作用下穿越河流输水管线的可靠性分析

针对我国北方河冰灾害情况,分析了冰力作用下穿越河流输水管道的受力情况,研究了其失效模式,提出了冰荷载的计算模型;在此基础上,建立了输水管道在冰荷载作用下安全裕度方程,提出了冰力作用下输水管线可靠性的计算方法,并结合实际计算,验证了方法的适用性.     

POLLUTANT LOADING CAPACITY FOR THE BLACK RWER,CHEHALIS RWER SYSTEM,WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: The Black River, a tributary of the Chehalis River in western Washington State, has a history of widespread low dissolved oxygen (DO), anoxia in some locations, and fish kills. As part of a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) study, environmental data were collected during two summer dry seasons and simulations were conducted with the WASP5 model to assess the effect of biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD ), ammonia, and nutrient loads on DO in the Black River. DO levels were below the State water quality regulatory criterion of 8.0 mg/L in almost all locations during the study. The slow middle reach of the river showed stratified conditions, with anoxia in some of the deepest pools. Based on model simulations, DO was found to still fall below the 8.0 mg/L criterion in the entire mainstem under “natural” conditions, and eutrophication was identified as a potential problem in the middle reach. A TMDL was proposed for BOD and ammonia that would prevent significant degradation of DO in the Black River. To prevent eutrophic conditions in the Black River, a TMDL for total phosphorus was proposed that establishes a protective criterion of 0.05 mg/L for the middle river during the dry low-flow season.     

啤酒厂排放废水中COD与BOD5的相关性分析

本文针对ＢＯＤ５测定时间长，对突发性污染事故无法及时提供监测数据的缺点，采用最小二乘法，找出ＣＯＤ与ＢＯＤ５之间的回归方程式，应易测的ＣＯＤ值，较快地估测废水中的ＢＯＤ５值。     

聚酯化纤废水中特征污染物含量与COD的相关性研究

研究了聚酯化纤废水中有机污染物乙醛、乙酸、乙二醇含量与ＣＯＤ之间的相关性，确定了ＣＯＤ与上述特征污染物含量的比值，并测定了它们的氧化率，为企业的生产工艺管理和 保管理提供了基础数据。     

MASS LOAD ESTIMATION ERRORS UTILIZING GRAB SAMPLING STRATEGIES IN A KARST WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Developing a mass load estimation method appropriate for a given stream and constituent is difficult due to inconsistencies in hydrologic and constituent characteristics. The difficulty may be increased in flashy flow conditions such as karst. Many projects undertaken are constrained by budget and manpower and do not have the luxury of sophisticated sampling strategies. The objectives of this study were to: (1) examine two grab sampling strategies with varying sampling intervals and determine the error in mass load estimates, and (2) determine the error that can be expected when a grab sample is collected at a time of day when the diurnal variation is most divergent from the daily mean. Results show grab sampling with continuous flow to be a viable data collection method for estimating mass load in the study watershed. Comparing weekly, biweekly, and monthly grab sampling, monthly sampling produces the best results with this method. However, the time of day the sample is collected is important. Failure to account for diurnal variability when collecting a grab sample may produce unacceptable error in mass load estimates. The best time to collect a sample is when the diurnal cycle is nearest the daily mean.     

在役压力容器安全操作思路探讨

压力容器是一种广泛使用的特殊设备，一旦使用不当或容器缺陷未及时处理，就有可能发生爆炸和介质泄漏事故。这些事故不仅危害操作人员安全，而且危及周围环境，发生易燃易爆介质的二次爆炸。合理有效地控制运行参数，是预防压力容器事故的重要途径。