POLLUTANT LOADING CAPACITY FOR THE BLACK RWER,CHEHALIS RWER SYSTEM,WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: The Black River, a tributary of the Chehalis River in western Washington State, has a history of widespread low dissolved oxygen (DO), anoxia in some locations, and fish kills. As part of a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) study, environmental data were collected during two summer dry seasons and simulations were conducted with the WASP5 model to assess the effect of biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD ), ammonia, and nutrient loads on DO in the Black River. DO levels were below the State water quality regulatory criterion of 8.0 mg/L in almost all locations during the study. The slow middle reach of the river showed stratified conditions, with anoxia in some of the deepest pools. Based on model simulations, DO was found to still fall below the 8.0 mg/L criterion in the entire mainstem under “natural” conditions, and eutrophication was identified as a potential problem in the middle reach. A TMDL was proposed for BOD and ammonia that would prevent significant degradation of DO in the Black River. To prevent eutrophic conditions in the Black River, a TMDL for total phosphorus was proposed that establishes a protective criterion of 0.05 mg/L for the middle river during the dry low-flow season.     

啤酒厂排放废水中COD与BOD5的相关性分析

本文针对ＢＯＤ５测定时间长，对突发性污染事故无法及时提供监测数据的缺点，采用最小二乘法，找出ＣＯＤ与ＢＯＤ５之间的回归方程式，应易测的ＣＯＤ值，较快地估测废水中的ＢＯＤ５值。     

聚酯化纤废水中特征污染物含量与COD的相关性研究

研究了聚酯化纤废水中有机污染物乙醛、乙酸、乙二醇含量与ＣＯＤ之间的相关性，确定了ＣＯＤ与上述特征污染物含量的比值，并测定了它们的氧化率，为企业的生产工艺管理和 保管理提供了基础数据。     

MASS LOAD ESTIMATION ERRORS UTILIZING GRAB SAMPLING STRATEGIES IN A KARST WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Developing a mass load estimation method appropriate for a given stream and constituent is difficult due to inconsistencies in hydrologic and constituent characteristics. The difficulty may be increased in flashy flow conditions such as karst. Many projects undertaken are constrained by budget and manpower and do not have the luxury of sophisticated sampling strategies. The objectives of this study were to: (1) examine two grab sampling strategies with varying sampling intervals and determine the error in mass load estimates, and (2) determine the error that can be expected when a grab sample is collected at a time of day when the diurnal variation is most divergent from the daily mean. Results show grab sampling with continuous flow to be a viable data collection method for estimating mass load in the study watershed. Comparing weekly, biweekly, and monthly grab sampling, monthly sampling produces the best results with this method. However, the time of day the sample is collected is important. Failure to account for diurnal variability when collecting a grab sample may produce unacceptable error in mass load estimates. The best time to collect a sample is when the diurnal cycle is nearest the daily mean.     

在役压力容器安全操作思路探讨

压力容器是一种广泛使用的特殊设备，一旦使用不当或容器缺陷未及时处理，就有可能发生爆炸和介质泄漏事故。这些事故不仅危害操作人员安全，而且危及周围环境，发生易燃易爆介质的二次爆炸。合理有效地控制运行参数，是预防压力容器事故的重要途径。     

Impact of a shock wave on a structure on explosion at altitude

The number of explosive attacks on civilian buildings has recently increased and the pattern of damage inflicted on structures when an explosion takes place at altitude remains quite difficult to predict. The primary aim of the work reported here was to enhance the understanding of how blast waves from an explosion at altitude interact with the ground and with a structure. Small-scale experiments were conducted using a propane–oxygen stoichiometric mixture as explosive. This approach is original because it models high-explosive detonation in terms of gaseous charge explosion using TNT equivalents. Several non-dimensional laws are expressed and validated by experiments. These relationships allow determination of the propagation of a blast wave and its interaction with a structure as a function of the position of the explosive charge when the explosion occurs at altitude. Then, from knowledge of the blast loading, using Hopkinson's scaling law and TNT equivalents, we can predict the interaction of blast waves with the ground and a structure on a real scale. Simulations were performed using the Autodyn code, and good correlation with the experimental results was obtained.     

多功能水质分析仪中COD替代试剂的研制

为了降低COD测定成本,减小试剂污染,介绍了一种测定量程为0～1 500 mg/L的HACHCOD替代试剂.重点讨论了组分配比、标准曲线、消解管磨损等因素对测定结果的影响,并提出一系列提高测定质量,减少测定误差的措施.该替代试剂配比为0.5 mL 1/6 K2Cr2O7 (1.00 mol/L) 2.5 mL 1% H2SO4-Ag2SO4 0.04 g HgSO4,在组成上接近于HACH原装试剂,使用内置程序测定的误差介于2.79%～5%之间,使用对应的程序测定误差为0.23%～2.64%.实验证明,与HACH原装试剂、传统重铬酸钾法相比,该替代试剂在测定准确度方面无明显差异,3种方法的平均变异系数分别为1.87%、2.37%和3.71%,测定精密度满足要求, t 均小于 t 0.95,测定结果准确可靠.经济技术比较显示替代试剂具有操作简单,成本低,污染小,适合批量测定等优势.单个样品的平均测定成本仅为0.78 元.     

基于多定权因子排序法对工业污染量化评价--以都江堰市为例

工业在发展的同时必须坚持环境效益与经济效益的统一。本文以多定权因子排序法对都江堰市的工业行业进行了环境污染负荷影响量化评价，以行业产生单位产值所需的环境负荷为评价结果。结果表明该方法用于确定各行业的环境的负荷影响以及对选取适合当地发展的工业行业具有一定的指导意义，还可以进一步明确行业的发展方向。     

紫外吸收光谱法直接测定化学需氧量的研究进展

利用紫外吸收光谱法直接测定COD是一种不用化学试剂、对样品无须加热消解、快速、简洁、元二次污染的绿色技术。本文对此技术的原理、相关概念、特点、进展、技术难点及应用前景作了较全面的评述。     

CuO-Ru/Al2O3 催化臭氧化降解苯乙酮的研究

采用浸渍法制备了以活性Al2O3为载体的双组分催化剂CuO-Ru/Al2O3,利用该催化剂催化臭氧化降解了苯乙酮.结果表明,贵金属钌掺杂能显著提高CuO/Al2O3催化臭氧化苯乙酮的降解效率,如在相同条件下处理30 min后,单独臭氧氧化、CuO/Al2O3/O3和CuO-Ru/Al2O3/O3对苯乙酮水溶液的COD去除率分别为6.3%、20.0%和54.0%.pH对CuO-Ru/Al2O3催化臭氧化降解苯乙酮的效率并没有影响,但与单独臭氧化相比,该催化臭氧化体系更适合在中性或酸性条件下应用.CuO-Ru/Al2O3对水中臭氧有较好的催化分解活性,臭氧分解的速率常数达2.58×10-3s-1,高于二次水中臭氧的分解速率常数1.19×10-3s-1.叔丁醇的试验结果表明,CuO-Ru/Al2O3/O3降解苯乙酮反应遵循羟基自由基(.OH)反应机制.