Evaluation of Metric Precision for a Riparian Forest Survey

This article evaluates the performance of a protocol to monitor riparian forests in western Oregon, United States based on thequality of the data obtained from a field survey. Precision isthe criteria used to determine the quality of 19 field and 6 derived metrics. The derived metrics were calculated from thefield data. The survey consisted of 110 riparian sites on publicand private lands that were sampled during the summers of 1996 and 1997. In order to calculate metric precision, some of the field plots were re-measured. Metric precision was defined in terms of the coefficient of variability (CV) and standard deviation and then compared with a pre-defined data quality objective (DQO). A metric was considered precise if the CV met or exceeded the DQO. The geomorphology metrics were not precisewhile the forest stand inventory metrics and forest cover metrics, with some exceptions, were precise. The precision formany of the field and derived metrics compared favorably withthe level of precision for similar metrics reported in the literature. Recommendations are made to improve the precision for some metrics and they include changing the way precision is calculated, re-defining the field protocol, or improving field training.     

浅谈企业环保指标考核管理

运用全面质量管理的基本原理和方法，将企业环境保护总的奋斗目标转化为若干具有可操作性的考核指标，通过ＰＤＣＡ循环，实施环保指标考核管理，对环保指标考核管理的基本模式，实施条件，实施方法，考核结果的分析处理等问题进行了阐述，并用实例说明了该管理方式的可行性。     

常温下比色法和滴定法测定COD

在强酸溶液中，催化剂存在下，用重铬酸钾将Cr^6 还原为Cr^3 ，用比色法测定Cr^3 浓度或滴定过量的重铬酸钾来间接测定出COD浓度。     

三维电极耦合臭氧技术处理油田压裂返排液

构建了一种活性炭三维电极耦合臭氧（3D/O₃）的反应体系,研究了其对胜利油田压裂返排液COD的去除效果,探究了3D/O₃体系的反应机制,考察了电流、臭氧浓度等过程参数对COD去除性能的影响.压裂返排液经3小时3D/O₃处理后,COD去除率可达到78%,且在多个多周期运行后保持在60%以上.与之相比,单独三维电极和臭氧氧化仅能去除37%和17%的COD.研究结果表明,3D/O₃体系可有效耦合活性炭吸附、电化学氧化、催化臭氧等多种反应机制,高效产生·OH氧化降解压裂返排液中的有机污染物和原位再生活性炭,有望为油田压裂返排液提供一种有效的处理技术.     

厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化底物竞争抑制特性

通过连续流实验和批式实验研究了有机物和NO₂^--N对厌氧氨氧化菌和反硝化菌耦合脱氮特性的影响.在连续流实验中,保证底物NO₂^--N充足,研究了葡萄糖有机物对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥反应器脱氮性能的影响.当进水葡萄糖有机物的COD浓度为100mg/L时,颗粒污泥具有良好的厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮活性,当COD浓度为200mg/L时,颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮活性较差.当进水COD浓度分别为100,200mg/L时,反应器中颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化NH₄⁺-N去除活性分别为0.096,0.071kg NH₄⁺-N/（kgVSS-d）,厌氧氨氧化NO₂^--N去除活性分别为0.153,0.092kg NO₂^--N/（kgVSS-d）,反硝化NO₂^--N去除活性分别为0.111,0.212kg NO₂^--N/（kgVSS-d）.在批式实验中,研究了碳源种类和COD/NO₂^--N比对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化颗粒污泥脱氮性能的影响.控制COD/NO₂^--N比为1~4,以葡萄糖为碳源时,厌氧氨氧化菌在亚硝态的竞争过程中占据优势;以乙酸钠为碳源时,控制COD/NO₂^--N比为1~4,厌氧氨氧化菌在亚硝态的竞争过程中处于劣势.     

基于积分响应模型的气溶胶静电分级器设计与粒径分布测量

为改善气溶胶静电分级器分级测量性能,建立了其传递函数和积分响应理论模型.通过对关键参数理论模拟,设置了静电分级器样气流速、鞘气和样气流速比例等关键参数,并且通过试验对理论模型进行了验证,评价了该静电分级器分级测量性能.模拟结果表明,提高气流流速可以改善静电分级器的分级性能,而鞘气和样气流速比例过大会降低其传输效率,过小则会影响分辨率,流速比例可以设定为5~25.试验结果表明,积分响应理论计算的粒子数浓度与该静电分级器试验测量结果呈线性相关（R2=0.98）.研究显示,该静电分级器测量粒径与预测粒径的误差在5.0%以内,线性相关（R2=0.99）,且测量多个单分散和多分散粒径浓度谱型与商业化SMPS（scanning mobility particle sizer,扫描电迁移颗粒物粒径谱仪）基本一致,该传递函数和积分响应模型显著提高了静电分级器分级测量性能.      

A comparative study on cost analysis,efficiency, and process mechanism of effluent treatment plants in Bangladesh

Investigations were conducted into the treatment of effluents produced during manufacturing processes at both a chemicals production facility and a paint manufacturing facility. A comparison of costs of wastewater treatment at both facilities was also performed. The untreated effluents from both facilities were high in biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total dissolved solids (TDS). In addition, the effluents from the two facilities deviated significantly in dissolved oxygen (DO) content and pH levels. However, both facilities ultimately released treated wastewater with allowable amounts or levels of BOD, COD, TDS, DO, and pH as permitted by the Department of the Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Bangladesh (DOE). The effluent treatment plants (ETP) at both facilities contained combinations of chemical and biological treatment processes. The treatment processes used at the chemicals production facility and at the paint manufacturing facility were continuous and semi‐batch processes, respectively. The biological treatment section of the ETP at the chemicals production facility has both anaerobic and aerobic units, while the paint manufacturing facility has only an aerobic unit. Annual installation and operation costs of the ETP at the chemicals production facility was Bangladeshi Taka (Tk) 1,300,000 ($16,667 US dollars) and Tk 800,000 ($10,257), respectively. The annual installation and operation costs of the ETP at the paint manufacturing facility were Tk 3,050,000 ($39,103) and Tk 6,200,000 ($79,488), respectively.     

环境因子对底泥污染物化学钝化修复的影响研究

通过模拟试验研究了环境因子扰动、p H值以及溶解氧水平对底泥钝化剂钝化效果的影响规律。结果表明,不同扰动状态下,PAC对COD,TP,TN的抑制效果均随着扰动程度的加强而增大;不同p H值条件下,PAC对COD,TP,TN均有一定的抑制效果,抑制效果随酸性的增强而降低,也随碱性的增强而降低,在p H值为6~8时抑制效果相当,且弱碱性条件下效果最好;不同溶解氧水平下,PAC对TP的释放抑制效果明显,对COD和TN有一定的抑制作用。     

微电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝组合工艺处理油田压裂废水

采用微电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝组合工艺处理油田压裂废水,优化了工艺条件。实验结果表明：最佳工艺条件为初始废水pH 3.0、铁屑加入量1.5 g/L（铁屑与活性炭的质量比1∶1）、微电解时间80 min、Fenton氧化时间120 min、H₂O₂加入量940 mg/L,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺加入量120 mg/L;在最佳工艺条件下处理废水后,COD由3 116.0 mg/L降至681.3 mg/L,总COD去除率达78.1%,3个工段的COD去除率依次为33.1%,37.9%,7.1%,出水水质满足现场回注标准（SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》）;该组合工艺对废水的处理效果远优于单独微电解、Fenton氧化或絮凝工艺,且方法简单易行、药剂利用率高。     

潜流湿地处理旅游区生活污水生产试验:以COD为例

以某大型潜流人工湿地污水处理工程为实验基地，对潜流人工湿地工艺进行生产研究，本文介绍其对COD的去除性能。该工程COD进水平均98mg／L，出水平均38mg／L，达到GB18918-2002中一级A排放标准。当单级湿地进水COD浓度小于80mg／L，两级串联湿地进水COD浓度小于100mg／L时，可使湿地出水浓度小于50mg／L。工艺类型上，下行流湿地优点突出、最为全面，优势明显。不同植物配置上，本生产实验条件下，一级湿地种植芦苇和芦竹去处效果接近，二级湿地不同植物优劣排序：灯芯草〉美人蕉〉香蒲〉水竹〉香根草。