Dramatic decline of observed atmospheric CO2 and CH4 during the COVID-19 lockdown over the Yangtze River Delta of China

The temporal variation of greenhouse gas concentrations in China during the COVID-19 lockdown in China is analyzed in this work using high resolution measurements of near surface △CO₂, △CH₄ and △CO concentrations above the background conditions at Lin'an station (LAN), a regional background station in the Yangtze River Delta region. During the pre-lockdown observational period (IOP-1), both △CO₂ and △CH₄ exhibited a significant increasing trend relative to the 2011-2019 climatological mean. The reduction of △CO₂, △CH₄ and △CO during the lockdown observational period (IOP-2) (which also coincided with the Chinese New Year Holiday) reached up to 15.0 ppm, 14.2 ppb and 146.8 ppb, respectively, and a reduction of △CO₂/△CO probably due to a dramatic reduction from industrial emissions. △CO₂, △CH₄ and △CO were observed to keep declining during the post-lockdown easing phase (IOP-3), which is the synthetic result of lower than normal CO₂ emissions from rural regions around LAN coupled with strong uptake of the terrestrial ecosystem. Interestingly, the trend reversed to gradual increase for all species during the later easing phase (IOP-4), with △CO₂/△CO constantly increasing from IOP-2 to IOP-3 and finally IOP-4, consistent with recovery in industrial emissions associated with the staged resumption of economic activity. On average, △CO₂ declined sharply throughout the days during IOP-2 but increased gradually throughout the days during IOP-4. The findings showcase the significant role of emission reduction in accounting for the dramatic changes in measured atmospheric △CO₂ and △CH₄ associated with the COVID-19 lockdown and recovery.     

A rare case of de novo distal 19q trisomy prenatally diagnosed

We present a case of de novo trisomy of distal 19q diagnosed prenatally by cytogenetics and FISH analysis. The autopsy performed after termination of the pregnancy showed major internal and external malformations that are associated with this chromosome abnormality. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

19世纪是我国特大暴雨洪水发生期

本文用大量资料,论述了我国七个江河历史首位洪水均发生在19世纪。而且,洪水泛滥使得平原地区的水系迁移、湖泊淤缩极为严重。同时,存洪水年前后,伴随着一系列寒冷、干旱的气候异常现象。     

Adsorptive removal of resorcinol on a novel ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) employing COK-19 silica scaffold: Kinetics and equilibrium study

Phenolic compounds and their derivatives have been found in industrial wastewater, which pose threats to the natural environment. Ordered mesoporous carbon(OMC) has been identified as an ideal adsorbent possessing high specific surface area and large pore volume to alleviate these pollutants. A novel ordered mesoporous carbon was prepared using COK-19 template with the cubic Fm3 m structure for the first time. Ordered mesoporous silica COK-19 was synthesized and reported in 2015. Sucrose as the carbon precursor was impregnated into the mesopores of silica and converted to carbon through carbonization process using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. Ordered mesoporous carbon was obtained after the removal of silica framework using hydrofluoric acid. Boric acid was employed for the preparation of OMCs with tunable pore sizes in the range of 6.9–16.6 nm. Several characterization techniques such as nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, transmission electron microscope(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Boehm titration and elemental analysis were employed to characterize the OMCs. The pore size analysis and TEM images confirmed that OMC has replicated the mesostructure of the COK-19. Results obtained from adsorption kinetics and isotherms suggest that the Pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm well described the experimental data.     

实施最严格的野生动物保护:中国现状与改革方向

随着全球工业化和城市化的快速发展,野生动物及其栖息地保护面临着前所未有的挑战。本文识别了我国的野生动物保护存在的主要问题:(1)现行《野生动物保护法》对野生动物保护范围界定过窄,资源利用主导思维干扰了野生动物保护,缺乏对生态系统与生物安全的足够重视。(2)由于现行野生动物保护立法、执法和管理制度不健全甚至缺失,导致野生动物驯养繁殖交易市场长期混乱,甚至成为非法野生动物交易的"洗白工具"。(3)社会公众群体尊重和保护野生动物意识淡薄,全民参与和监督举报机制不健全。本文认为,我国应该实施最严格的野生动物保护制度,实现人与野生动物平等、文明、和谐相处,建议:(1)树立尊重野生动物物种生存权、人与野生动物文明和谐相处的理念,摒弃野生动物资源利用观,重构人与野生动物平等共存关系。(2)清晰界定野生动物法律定义,扩大野生动物保护范围,围绕捕猎、繁育、运输、储存、转让、食用等环节,全面、科学、精准地构建最严格的野生动物保护制度。(3)立足于全面保护野生动物,严格禁止滥食滥用野生动物和过度商业化利用,实行野生动物保护利用特许制度,并大幅提高标准严格控制交易和利用,建立职责清晰的执法监管和惩治体系。(4)建立最严格的野生动物保护公众参与和司法治理体系,实施野生动物非法贸易、猎杀的行政公益诉讼制度,引导公众建立爱护保护野生动物、不食不用野生动物的文明行为,最终实现人类社会与野生动物的文明和谐共处。     

Aerosol transmission,an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread: case study of a department-store cluster

• Aerosol transmission is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread. • Different outbreak sites have different epidemiologic feature. • SRAS-CoV-2 can exist for a long time in aerosol. • SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in diverse places. • Some environmental factors can impact SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol. Patients with COVID-19 have revealed a massive outbreak around the world, leading to widespread concerns in global scope. Figuring out the transmission route of COVID-19 is necessary to control further spread. We analyzed the data of 43 patients in Baodi Department Store (China) to supplement the transmission route and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in a cluster outbreak. Incubation median was estimated to endure 5.95 days (2–13 days). Almost 76.3% of patients sought medical attention immediately upon illness onset. The median period of illness onset to hospitalization and confirmation were 3.96 days (0–14) and 5.58 days (1–21), respectively. Patients with different cluster case could demonstrate unique epidemiological characteristics due to the particularity of outbreak sites. SRAS-CoV-2 can be released into the surrounding air through patient’s respiratory tract activities, and can exist for a long time for long-distance transportation. SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in different sites, including isolation ward, general ward, outdoor, toilet, hallway, and crowded public area. Environmental factors influencing were analyzed and indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol was dependent on temperature, air humidity, ventilation rate and inactivating chemicals (ozone) content. As for the infection route of case numbers 2 to 6, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20 and 23, we believe that aerosol transmission played a significant role in analyzing their exposure history and environmental conditions in Baodi Department Store. Aerosol transmission could occur in some cluster cases when the environmental factors are suitable, and it is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread.     

2020年初疫情管控对山东省空气质量影响的模拟

利用2020年初新冠疫情对人类生产、生活的一次自然冲击及由此导致的大气污染状况变化,研究了空气质量对污染物减排及气象因素的响应关系.通过对疫情管控前（1月15~23日）和疫情控制关键期（1月24日~2月7日）这2个阶段空气质量对比分析发现,疫情期间山东省除O₃浓度上升外,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂及CO浓度分别降低72.6 μg·m^-3、47.4 μg·m^-3、25.6 μg·m^-3、3.0 μg·m^-3和0.5 mg·m^-3;降幅分别为45.86%、41.24%、58.00%、17.71%和31.40%;RAMS-CMAQ模拟显示,疫情期气象扩散条件改善导致的PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂和CO浓度改善幅度为26.04%、33.03%、28.35%、43.27%和23.29%,人为减排造成的各污染物浓度降低幅度为19.82%、8.21%、29.65%、-25.56%和8.12%.疫情期间O₃浓度上升20.51%,气象因素和人为活动的影响分别占10.47%和10.04%.结果表明一次污染物对减排响应更敏感,二次污染物对减排响应有一定时滞性且受气象因素影响更显著,臭氧浓度对污染物减排线性响应关系不明显,总体呈负相关,说明臭氧的控制需探索科学的污染物减排比例.     

京津冀及周边地区秋冬季大气污染物排放变化因素解析

基于大气污染源排放清单技术方法,定量分析2016~2017年秋冬季"跨年霾"至2019~2020年秋冬季"疫情霾"期间京津冀及周边地区主要大气污染物排放量变化,解析大气污染防治政策实施带来的减排和疫情造成的活动水平下降对主要污染物排放的贡献,并利用空气质量模型模拟分析不利气象条件下措施减排和疫情影响对空气质量改善的贡献.结果表明,从"跨年霾"（2016-12-16~2017-01-14）至"疫情霾"（2020-01-22~2020-02-14）该区域主要大气污染物排放量大幅下降50%左右,不利气象条件下,区域PM_2.5平均浓度可削减40%以上.措施减排主要来自火电、钢铁等重点工业行业提标改造和工业锅炉、民用燃煤等燃煤源治理,对SO₂和PM_2.5排放量的削减贡献较大,贡献率分别为67.1%和53.4%;疫情主要影响移动源和轻工业活动水平,对NO_x和VOCs排放量的削减贡献较大,贡献率分别为71.9%和68.2%.措施减排对区域空气质量改善贡献突出,有效抑制了重污染过程的强度和范围.在"跨年霾"的不利气象条件下,措施减排使区域PM_2.5平均浓度下降26%,重度及以上污染天数减少44%.受疫情影响,区域PM_2.5平均浓度继续下降24%,重污染持续时间和范围进一步缩减.     

基于机器学习算法的新冠疫情管控对河南省空气质量影响的模拟分析

全国各地为了减少新冠疫情对社会和人民生活的影响,采取了必要的防疫防控措施,这些措施对空气质量的变化产生了重要的影响,此外空气质量的变化与气象条件也存在很大的关系.通过对河南省疫情前（1月1~26日）和疫情管控期（1月27日~2月29日）这两阶段的空气质量分析对比发现,整个河南省除了O₃浓度上升了69.64%外,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、CO和NO₂分别降低了36.89%、34.18%、19.43%、29.85%和58.51%;通过机器学习算法中的长短期记忆型网络（LSTM）模拟显示,气象条件引起污染物浓度的降幅大部分在15%~30%之间;人为排放减少引起的污染物浓度的降幅大部分在6%~40%之间.O₃在疫情期间上升过程中,气象条件和人为排放两种因素分别占了34.84%和34.81%.结果表明,疫情管控期间,河南省空气质量总体上有所改善,但是也有重污染发生,其中O₃的浓度对于疫情管控减排的影响不明显,呈负相关,需要进一步探索引起臭氧浓度上升的原因,以此帮助政府合理控制臭氧等前体污染物的减排比例.