异养硝化-好氧反硝化混合菌对尿素的去除及重金属和盐度的影响

为探究异养硝化-好氧反硝化混合菌对尿素的去除效果,本文考察了混合菌(DM01+YH01+YH02)对尿素的去除特性,以及重金属和盐度对其去除率的影响.结果表明,当废水中尿素质量浓度为200.0 mg·L^-1,碳源为柠檬酸三钠、 C/N为10、温度为30℃、 pH为7和转速为130 r·min^-1时,尿素在24 h可以得到高效降解,去除率为91.8%;重金属离子(Ni²⁺、Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺)会降低混合菌对尿素的去除效果,影响能力的大小顺序为Cd²⁺>Cu²⁺>Ni²⁺>Zn²⁺,然而, Fe²⁺(<20.0 mg·L^-1)会增强混合菌对尿素的去除效果;盐度(>10.0 mg·L^-1)会抑制混合菌株对于尿素的去除.     

单甲脒等农药的土壤薄层层析行为

用土壤薄层层析法研究单甲脒，单甲脒盐酸盐、灭幼脲和涕灭威等农药在不同土壤中的迁移行为，分别获得了这几种化合物的Ｒｆ值，它们分别为０．１４、０．１７，０．０８，０．７６，研究表明，单脒，单甲脒盐酸盐和灭幼脲不会污染地下水，而涕灭威则会对地下水污染构成严重的威胁。     

灌淤土施氮后土壤硝态氮的动态变化

通过室内模拟试验,探讨不同水分条件下灌淤土施用不同氮肥后硝态氮随时间的变化规律,并在田间条件下,测定不同氮肥形态和数量对土壤硝态氮含量的影响。灌淤土施氮后土壤硝态氮含量变化与土壤含水量及氮肥种类有关。施肥9d后,土壤中的硝态氮迅速增加;土壤水分低于田间持水量的50%或水分过饱和都明显影响灌淤土的硝化作用;施用大颗粒尿素产生的硝态氮最少,淋失或流失的几率小。灌淤土土体中硝态氮的残留与施氮种类及数量有直接关系。施肥使土壤表层硝态氮显著增加,施用大颗粒尿素尤为突出,但施大颗粒尿素后,60cm土体中残留的硝态氮总量最少。随着施氮量增加,表层土体中硝态氮含量增加。合理的施肥水平一般不会造成硝态氮的大量累积,而过量施氮则导致硝态氮明显积累,对通气透水性好的灌淤土,容易造成硝态氮淋失。     

Urea Fluctuations in Stream Baseflow across Land Cover Gradients and Seasons in a Coastal Plain River System

Urea‐N is a component of bioavailable dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) that contributes to coastal eutrophication. In this study, we assessed urea‐N in baseflow across land cover gradients and seasons in the Manokin River Basin on the Delmarva Peninsula. From March 2010 to June 2011, we conducted monthly sampling of 11 streams (4 tidal and 7 nontidal), 2 wastewater treatment plants, an agricultural drainage ditch, and groundwater underlying a cropped field. At each site, we measured urea‐N, DON, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), NO₃^?‐N, and NH₄⁺‐N. In general, urea‐N comprised between 1% and 6% of TDN, with the highest urea‐N levels in drainage ditches (0.054 mg N/L) and wetland‐dominated streams (0.035–0.045 mg N/L). While urea‐N did not vary seasonally in tidal rivers, nontidal streams saw distinct urea‐N peaks in summer (0.038 mg N/L) that occurred several months after cropland fertilization in spring. Notably, the proportion of wetlands explained 78% of the variance in baseflow urea‐N levels across the Manokin watershed. In wetland‐dominated basins, we found urea‐N was positively related to water temperature and negatively related to DOC:DON ratios, indicating short‐term urea‐N dynamics at baseflow were more likely influenced by instream and wetland‐driven processes than by recent agricultural urea‐N inputs. Findings demonstrate important controls of wetlands on baseflow urea‐N concentrations in mixed land‐use basins.     

控释尿素对黄河故道沙性潮土N2O排放的影响

建立田间原位试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了常规尿素及其与硫包膜和聚氨酯包膜控释尿素配施(比例分别为30%∶70%、 50%∶50%和70%∶30%)对黄河故道沙性潮土玉米生长季氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响.研究发现:常规尿素处理N_2O排放量(以N计,下同)为1.78 kg·hm~(-2),排放系数为0.38%;与之相比,配施30%、 50%和70%硫包膜尿素处理的N_2O排放量分别降低了1.12%、 22.5%和11.2%,排放系数下降2.63%～26.3%.相反,配施聚氨酯包膜尿素处理增加N_2O排放量0.02～0.41 kg·hm~(-2),其中70%聚氨酯包膜尿素处理增幅最大,达到23.0%.回归分析表明,各处理N_2O排放通量与10 cm处土温、土壤NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而与土壤孔隙含水量和溶解性有机碳含量无显著关系.与常规尿素相比, 50%常规尿素+50%硫包膜控释尿素处理玉米产量略有增加,而30%常规尿素+70%硫包膜尿素处理稍微降低了玉米产量,但不显著(P0.05).因此,控释肥减缓土壤N_2O排放以及对作物产量的影响主要受控于包衣材料.     

Metabolic effects of diazinon on the European eel

Abstract

Eels were exposed to a sublethal diazinon concentration of 0.042 mg/L for exposure times of 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Biochemical analyses of blood composition, such as plasma glucose, total plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, plasma lactate, plasma urea and uric acid, showed significant differences between treated and control animals. Plasma glucose and lactate increased after 6 hours exposure to the insecticide. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides content decreased during 96 hours treatment. Urea levels increased at 72 hours while uric acid content decreased significantly at 24, 72 and 96 hours exposure to the pesticide.

The observed effects of diazinon on eel metabolism suggested that the treated fish was faced with a serious metabolic crisis, and the fish looked for alternative methods of metabolism to overcome the toxic stress.     

硫脲对酸性红壤 pH值与金属元素有效性的影响

通过实验室模拟,研究了不同浓度硫脲与尿素配施后,对酸性红壤的pH值及其金属元素有效性的影响.结果表明,土壤施加尿素后,其pH值有先升高后逐渐下降的趋势,而硫脲与尿素配施后,其pH值的下降趋势会受到抑制,尤其是当硫脲浓度达到5.0 mmol·kg-1时,土壤pH由最初的4.65上升到6.50以上,并在实验的中后期一直维持在6.0以上.硫脲和尿素配施后,Cu的有效态含量受硫脲浓度的影响较小,Zn、Al的有效态含量随着硫脲浓度的升高而降低,Mn的有效态含量在高浓度硫脲下,其含量保持在一个较高的水平,达到110 mg·kg-1以上.对于Cu、Zn和Al来说,在不同浓度硫脲和尿素配施后,其有效态含量与土壤的pH值呈现出明显的负相关.而对于Mn来说,在单施尿素的情况下,其有效态含量与土壤的pH值呈现出负相关,而在施入硫脲后,其有效态含量与土壤pH并没有呈现出明显的规律性.同时,研究结果还表明酸性红壤Al有效性随着土壤pH的升高而减小,当硫脲与尿素配合使用时,短期内土壤pH上升得更高,从而使得酸性红壤中Al的有效性减小.在硫脲和尿素配施后,土壤中Mn的有效态含量并不简单地取决于土壤的pH值,由于硫脲对Mn的络合作用和氧化还原作用,其含量受到土壤pH值和硫脲的共同影响.     

酸性尿素水溶液处理导弹氧化剂废水中氮氧化物

采用理论分析和实验两种方法对酸性尿素水溶液处理导弹氧化剂废水中NOx进行了研究.讨论了NO2的转化率与尿素浓度的关系.实验证明,该方法快速高效,反应的适宜温度为30 C,用7%的尿素水溶液处理含NO2 9 41 9.8 mg/m3的废水,10 s的去除率可达99.5%.