Morpho-histological and enzymatic alterations in earthworms Drawida willsi and Lampito mauritii exposed to urea,phosphogypsum and paper mill sludge

The effects of varying concentrations of urea, phosphogypsum and paper mill sludge (PMS) on the morphology, histology, tissue protein content, lipid peroxidation (LPX), activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and catalase in earthworms Drawida willsi and Lampito mauritii have been studied over an exposure period of 24?hr. Integumentary lesions, clitellar swelling and loss of pigmentations were found to be major morpho-pathological changes in the worms. Histology indicated cuticular damage, ruptured epithelium and muscle fibres with accumulation of cellular debris. Lowest tissue protein content (57.02?±?4.02?mg/g tissue) and highest LPX (0.113?±?0.04, 0.137?±?0.08?nmol/mg protein) were noticed in D. willsi at a high concentration of PMS, whereas highest tissue protein content was observed in L. mauritii (115.32?±?7.18?mg/g tissue) with the same treatment. In both the species, LDH activity was minimum at a high concentration of urea (0.172?±?0.02; 0.247?±?0.08?U/mg protein). AChE activity was highest (0.099?±?0.002?U/mg protein) at a high concentration of PMS in D. willsi, whereas catalase activity was the maximum (0.338?±?0.02?U/mg protein) at high concentrations of PMS in L. mauritii. The study indicated that morpho-histological and enzymatic alterations in these earthworms exposed to agrochemicals could be useful biomarkers to evaluate soil toxicity.     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜和土壤中持久性及残留的研究

本文报道灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜和土壤中的残留试验结果.经在南北两地连续两年的田间试验表明,灭幼脲Ⅲ号属非持久性农药,在作物和土壤中都较快地消失,在大白菜上的半衰期为3.8—14.0d,在土壤中为8.8—27.0d.用25％灭幼脲Ⅲ号胶悬剂稀释2500倍,每亩每次按常规用药10g或加倍药量20g(有效成分)施药,喷施2或3次,距最后一次施药三周时,灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜的最大残留量为2.67ppm,在土壤中为13.81ppm.建议该农药在大白菜上的最高允许残留量(MRL)为3ppm,安全间隔期为21d.     

Biodegradation of methyl parathion by Acinetobacter radioresistens USTB-04

Biodegradation of methyl parathion (MP),a widely used organophosphorus pesticide,was investigated using a newly isolated bacterium strain Acinetobacter radioresistens USTB-04.MP at an initial concentration of 1200 mg/L could be totally biodegraded by A.radioresistens USTB-04 as the sole carbon source less than 4 d in the presence of phosphate and urea as phosphorus and nitrogen sources,respectively.Biodegradation of MP was also achieved using cell-free extract of A.radioresistens USTB-04.MP at an initial concentration of 130 mg/L was completely biodegraded in 2 h in the presence of cell-free extract with a protein concentration of 148.0 mg/L,which was increased with the increase of pH from 5.0 to 8.0.Contrary to published reports,no intermediate or final degradation metabolites of MP could be observed.Thus we suggest that the cleavage of C--C bond on the benzene ring other than P-O bond may be the biodegradation pathway of MP by A.radioresistens USTB-04.     

Characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds emitted during heating of nitrogen-containing plastics at low temperature

Because of recent volume increases, appropriate management of plastic recycling, which generates various organic compounds, is required to ensure the chemical safety of the processes. The processing temperature and resin type are the important factors determining both the efficiency of the processes and the emission of chemicals. Therefore, we studied the thermal degradation of various plastics at various temperatures from 70 to 300 °C under oxygen-present conditions to identify the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted and to understand their thermal behaviors. The plastics examined were nitrogen-containing resins, such as polyamide 6, polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Major commodity plastics were also investigated for comparison. In total, more than 500 SVOCs were detected as emissions from plastics. While various nitrogen-containing SVOCs were detected from nitrogen-containing resins, the major commodity plastics released only these, which possibly were included as additives. These results indicate that the nitrogen atoms in the SVOCs emitted originated from the resins and additives, and not from ambient air at low temperature. As a result of the detection of raw materials, degradation chemicals and by-products of the polymers in the emissions, we found that the variation in chemical species is dependent on the resins. Additives were also emitted from all the resins, meaning that these chemicals were also released to the environment at the temperature examined. In most cases, the numbers and concentrations of SVOCs increased with increasing heating temperature. The variation of thermal behaviors of SVOCs was related to the origins and chemical species of SVOCs.     

施用不同氮肥对坡耕地径流中N输出的影响

以山东省泰安东北部刘家庄村坡耕地为研究区域,通过实地监测多次天然降雨中农田养分的流失,研究施肥处理对氮素流失的影响.结果表明,施肥显著地增大了农田径流中氮素浓度及流失量;在相同施肥量的实验条件下,与碳酸氢铵和普通尿素相比,控释尿素可有效地降低氮素流失15%～25%;70%左右的氮素流失发生在监测的前期.合理施肥、降低表土中速效氮养分含量是减少农田氮流失的关键途径之一.     

新型缓释尿素对削减温室气体、NH3排放和淋溶作用的研究

温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)和NH₃的排放及水体污染带来的环境问题日益突出,其中,化肥的施用等农业排放是重要来源之一.本实验评价了新型缓释化肥对温室气体排放和水体污染的影响,采用密闭箱法,在饱和田间持水量(WFPS) 60%的条件下,检测恒温(23℃)环境中土壤温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)和NH₃挥发.结果表明,30 d内缓释尿素组比普通尿素组释放的CO₂、CH₄、N₂O平均排放通量分别降低24.69%、3.01%、26.75%,NH₃排放量减少24.36%;模拟降雨条件的淋溶实验(15 d)显示,缓释尿素组的淋失率明显低于普通尿素组,总氮减少6.97%,尿素氮减少4.75%,缓释尿素和普通尿素组淋出水样中尿素氮和总氮量所占比重均在淋溶第1 d最大,缓释尿素组尿素氮和总氮量分别为36.1%和41.23%,普通尿素组尿素氮和总氮量分别为48.7%和72.4%.结果表明,缓释尿素较普通尿素在消减温室气体排放和氨排放有明显的效果.     

不同肥源条件下Zn对农田土壤N2O排放的影响及其机制

为探究锌（Zn）污染对农田土壤氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放的影响,分别以猪粪和尿素为肥源进行室内培养实验,对比分析不同含量Zn （0、50、500、1500和5000mg/kg）对N₂O排放的影响及其机制,并在培养第52d向所有处理再次添加尿素以探究其长期效应,共培养80d.结果表明：第1次添加肥料阶段,在尿素为肥源处理中不同含量Zn均表现为显著抑制作用（P<0.05）,而猪粪为肥源处理中除50mg/kg无显著影响外（P>0.05）,其它含量处理均显著促进N₂O排放（P<0.05）.第2次添加肥料阶段,不同肥源条件下Zn的作用规律一致,即50mg/kg无显著影响（P>0.05）,500和1500mg/kg显著提高N₂O排放而5000mg/kg处理与之相反（P<0.05）.此阶段500、1500和5000mg/kg处理以猪粪和尿素为肥源时其N₂O累积排放量与同肥源对照的比值分别为3.49、3.13、0.01和2.53、2.74、0.04,可见同等含量Zn在猪粪为肥源条件下作用更强,500和1500mg/kg Zn的促进机制为Zn提高了土壤中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N含量以及控制反硝化过程N₂O产生和还原功能基因相对丰度的比值（nirS/nosZ）,而5000mg/kg Zn抑制了土壤中NH₄⁺-N进一步转化为NO₃^--N,从而降低了N₂O排放.     

巴陵石化尿素水解装置的环保改造

分析了尿素水解装置存在的问题及采取的改进措施,提高了水解装置处理能力与处理效果,实现了清洁生产、节能降耗、保护环境的目的。     

风化煤腐植酸增效尿素红外光谱分析

采用碱性混合活化剂处理风化煤,研制腐植酸添加剂,按不同比例添加到尿素熔融液中,采用模拟喷浆造粒的方法,制备3类增效尿素。通过风化煤与添加剂、尿素与增效尿素红外光谱特征对比发现：风化煤经过活化后,碳单键数量降低,碳链缩短,活性腐植酸HA类提取物出现活性官能团,FR类除单键数量减少和碳链缩短外,生成部分胺、酰胺结构;增效剂与尿素在反应过程中,出现了三键和累积双键破坏、稳定性复合物形成、碳链缩短、双键结构增加等变化,但不同类型增效剂对产品红外光谱特征影响存在差异。     

Fluoride in drinking water exacerbates glomerulonephritis and induces liver damage in ICR-derived glomerulonephritis mice

To evaluate the effects of fluoride on the kidney and the liver of ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice by using laboratory tests and pathological examinations, fluoride was administered to the ICGN mice at 0, 25, 50, 100, and 150?ppm in drinking water for 4 weeks and to the ICR mice, which have normal kidney function at 0 and 150?ppm. The BUN, creatinine, GOT, and GPT in the serum of each mouse were determined. When a mouse died, the sample from the day closest to the death was assigned for the mean. Pathological changes in the kidney were examined after PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) staining. All of the ICGN mice in the 150?ppm group and one of seven in the 100?ppm group died before the end of week 4, but no ICR mice died. For ICGN mice, the mean value of body weight in the 150?ppm group was significantly lower than those in 0?ppm group and other fluoride-administered groups. The mean values of relative liver and kidney weights in the 100 and 150?ppm groups were significantly lower than those in the control. The mean values of BUN, creatinine, and GPT in the 150?ppm group were significantly higher than those in the control. The thickness of the glomerular capillary wall and the increased mesangial matrix in the kidney were prominent in the fluoride-administered ICGN mice. These results suggested that fluoride severely exacerbated glomerulonephritis and tublar-intestitial changes in ICGN mice.