红壤中交换性铝调控条件的研究Ⅱ.有机质和CaCO_3对交换性铝的影响

研究了有机质和ＣａＣＯ３。对发育于花岗岩和第四纪红色粘土母质上的红壤的交换性铝的影响。结果表明,在用Ｈ２Ｏ２去除土壤中的有机质后,交换性铝的含量随有机质的降低而降低,但降低的速度不均匀,由慢到快似有一个“突跃”。而在向土壤中添加有机质的研究结果则表明,交换性铝的含量随有机质的增加而增加;在增加的过程中由快到慢,达到极点后,有机质含量再增加,交换性铝反而下降。在相同的土壤环境中,由于作物品种不同,施用等量的ＣａＣＯ３（或石灰粉）对土壤交换性铝的含量及作物产量的影响不同,而且差异显著。     

燃煤烟气中SO3成因、影响及其减排对策

煤燃烧过程中产生的SO3不仅造成了酸性烟雾,而且排放时会形成蓝色或黄色烟羽,增加了烟囱排放的烟羽浊度,破环了景观。近年来,火电厂烟囱常见的蓝烟/黄烟现象给周边大气环境带来一定的影响。针对部分燃煤电厂在脱硫、脱硝装置投运后,出现蓝烟/黄烟现象进行了研究,并提出了可供选择的控制对策和建议。     

响应面法优化仿酶Fe_3O_4/Fe~0非均相类Fenton降解P-NP

采用原位氧化沉淀法制备出仿酶Fe_3O_4/Fe~0,并采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射对样品进行表征,结果表明,Fe_3O_4与Fe~0负载牢固且保持良好的晶型。采用响应面分析法对仿酶Fe_3O_4/Fe~0催化降解P-NP的工艺条件进行优化,方差分析得到二次模型显著,优化条件为:催化剂用量1.2 g/L,反应温度30℃,初始pH=2.9,初始H_2O_2浓度10 mmol/L,对硝基苯酚去除率的实际值与预测值几乎一致。     

An adaptive online safety assessment method for mechanical system with pre-warning function

The safety status of a dynamic mechanical system is determined by its historical, current and future states together. Therefore the safety assessment process of such system should have dynamic and diachronic characteristics, which helps to track the dynamic states of system and predict future probable danger in advance. In order to overcome the disadvantages of traditional static safety assessment approaches, the results from which are often delayed and prone to produce false alarms, an adaptive online safety assessment method is proposed in this paper, which consists of two steps. A dynamic adaptive weighting method is first introduced and an aggregation scheme based on “3-D” time perspective is further presented to integrate system’s historical, current and future safety performance in a unit framework, considering both of assessment and pre-warning functions. The proposed method is able to track and predict the safety status of system dynamically and discover the potential fault in time. Its feasibility and benefits are investigated with a field case study of gas turbine compressor system, which validates that the proposed method improves the accuracy of safety assessment in dynamic conditions, and finally helps to restrain the fault symptom by proactive maintenance successfully.     

多因素影响下巷道变形特性数值模拟研究

基于FLAC3D有限差分软件对开挖深度、侧压力系数、断面形状等多因素影响下的巷道变形参数进行正交试验，根据正交试验分析结果，分别选取同一深度条件下的圆形、马蹄形、直墙拱形、矩形巷道进行模拟试验并以圆形巷道作为典型断面，对不同深度下的巷道变形特征进行模拟试验。研究结果表明:开挖深度对巷道开挖后的应力差变化影响明显，断面形状对巷道围岩内的塑性区深度和具有显著影响；巷道开挖后的塑性区深度和随形状指数增加而呈线性增长趋势，圆形巷道的塑性区深度和最小，矩形最大；应力差随着巷道开挖深度的增加呈线性增加，深部开采应重视巷道内的应力分布情况。     

北京市地铁列车运行引起的建筑室内结构噪声污染特征与评价

以200 Hz以下低频部分等效A声级(L_Aeq200)、12.5~20 kHz频率的等效A声级(L_{Aeq20 k})与倍频带声压级作为评价量,结合HJ 793—2106《城市轨道交通(地下段)结构噪声监测方法》、GB 22337—2008《社会生活环境噪声排放标准》和JGJ/T 170—2009《城市轨道交通引起建筑物振动与二次幅射噪声限值及其测量方法标准》监测和评价地铁列车运行引起临近建筑室内结构噪声,并应用于北京市实测研究。结果表明:北京市地铁列车运行引起建筑室内结构噪声的频率范围为12.5~200 Hz;L_{Aeq20 k}不适用于地铁低频结构噪声的评价;北京市2条地铁线路列车运行的结构噪声特征频率分别为31.5、40、50、63和100 Hz,以40 Hz为主。实测表明,地铁结构噪声污染的特征是列车通过时特征频率上的声压增量明显,由于地铁结构噪声在200 Hz以下低频部分的能量分布差异,以及A计权对低频段声压级的消减差异,L_Aeq200评价结果不能客观反映地铁结构噪声的实际影响;低矮楼房对地铁结构噪声有放大作用,而高层楼房则有一定衰减作用;建筑物体量大小和隧道埋深较水平距离对地铁结构噪声衰减的影响更为明显。因此,地铁建设宜综合考虑地铁埋深,并避免穿越低矮楼房和平房区以控制结构噪声污染。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in Batticaloa Lagoon

The necessity to understand the relationship between cyanobacterial species abundance and water quality variations in coastal lagoons is crucial to develop strategies to prevent further cyanobacterial proliferation. This paper evaluates the relationship between water quality variations on the distribution of cyanobacteria during a 12-month period in Batticaloa Lagoon (Sri Lanka) using Redundancy analysis and Pearson correlations. Drastic variations in pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total phosphorus (TP) levels were reported, but not turbidity and NO₃⁻. This brackish waterbody is hypereutrophic (TP levels > 0.1 mg/L). The cyanobacterial community contained 13 genera and 22 species. NO₃⁻, TP and turbidity levels positively influenced cyanobacterial abundance during all seasons indicating that nutrient (largely phosphorus) and sediment entry control is highly crucial along with periodic monitoring of cyanobacterial growth.     

磁性壳聚糖改性硅藻土吸附去除水中的铅离子

采用壳聚糖与Fe3O4对硅藻土进行混合改性,制备出一种吸附效果好、且能从液相中磁分离的新型复合吸附剂。通过SEM、XRD、VSM和FTIR等手段对其进行表征,并探究溶液pH、吸附剂投加量以及吸附温度等条件对水溶液中Pb2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明：壳聚糖和Fe3O4都能够负载到硅藻土上面。当溶液pH为5、吸附剂投加量为10 g·L-1、初始浓度为10 mg·L-1时,Pb2+去除率可以达到96.4%。吸附过程较好地符合假二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型,热力学数据说明该吸附是吸热、自发的过程。     

Soil phytoremediation from the breakdown products of the chemical warfare agent, yperite

A plant-based bioremediation (phytoremediation) strategy has been developed and shown to be effective for the clean-up of soil contaminated by the breakdown products of the chemical warfare agent (CWA), yperite. The method involves exploiting the plant growth hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), to intensify the phytoremediation. For determination of the yperite breakdown products, gas chromatography is used. Soil and plant samples were analysed with a gas chromatograph fitted with an atomic emission detector. The method of standard-free determination was employed to identify sulphur-containing substances (SCSs). A series of soil tests was conducted, which showed that the level of SCSs decreased 4, 8, and more than 20-fold compared with that found in contaminated soil. This decrease was dependent upon the IAA concentrations used for plant treatment. The treated plants accumulated 2.7 to 2.9-fold larger amounts of the SCSs than did the untreated plants. Owing to its simplicity, environmental safety and inexpensiveness, the method can be recommended for the restoration of soil fertility in areas of storage and destruction of blister CWAs.     

改性炭化谷壳负载纳米Fe3O4对含As(V)废水的吸附性能

以谷壳为原料,通过600℃缺氧高温热解制备一种炭化谷壳（CRH-I）,并利用CRH-I通过改性负载方法获得另一种新型的负载纳米Fe3O4的碱改性炭化谷壳（CRH-II）。经过对比表面积进行表征分析发现,CRH-II相较CRH-I的BET比表面积增大约30%,达到182 m2·g-1,微比表面积和微孔体积都扩大了6倍左右。FTIR分析结果表明,相比CRH-I,CRH-II分子间的羧基和酚羟基官能团有所增加,产生了芳构化反应和脂肪醚类物质。吸附实验表明,相对CRH-I而言,CRH-II对As（V）的吸附率明显提高。pH=2时,CRH-II对溶液中As（V）的吸附率达到98.3%;但是As的吸附率随着溶液pH值升高而逐渐降低,pH=11时下降最为明显,吸附率只有63.4%。CRH-II吸附反应满足准动力学二级方程,其相关系数为R2=0.999;在不同温度下,将CRH-II对As（V）的吸附验数据进行Langmuir方程和Freundlich等温方程拟合,结果更符合Langmuir方程;在25℃时,相关系数R2=0.985。解吸吸附实验证明,CRH-II依然具备良好的吸附性能,且再生吸附性能稳定。