Application of an early warning indicator and CaO to maximize the time–space-yield of an completely mixed waste digester using rape seed oil as co-substrate

In order to increase the organic loading rate (OLR) and hereby the performance of biogas plants an early warning indicator (EWI-VFA/Ca) was applied in a laboratory-scale biogas digester to control process stability and to steer additive dosing. As soon as the EWI-VFA/Ca indicated the change from stable to instable process conditions, calcium oxide was charged as a countermeasure to raise the pH and to bind long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) by formation of aggregates. An interval of eight days between two increases of the OLR, which corresponded to 38% of the hydraulic residence time (HRT), was sufficient for process adaptation. An OLR increase by a factor of three within six weeks was successfully used for biogas production. The OLR was increased to 9.5 kg volatile solids (VS) m^?3 d^?1 with up to 87% of fat. The high loading rates affected neither the microbial community negatively nor the biogas production process. Despite the increase of the organic load to high rates, methane production yielded almost its optimum, amounting to 0.9 m³ (kg VS)^?1. Beneath several uncharacterized members of the phylum Firmicutes mostly belonging to the family Clostridiaceae, a Syntrophomonas-like organism was identified that is known to live in a syntrophic relationship to methanogenic archaea. Within the methanogenic group, microorganisms affiliated to Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus and Methanobacterium dominated the community.     

使用添加剂调质钙基脱硫剂的机理概述

从干法固硫气扩散及气固反应角度回顾了添加剂对钙基脱硫剂调质作用的有关研究情况,指出目前该技术在研究以及工业应用中存在的一些关键问题,并讨论该技术的发展趋势。     

Removal of heavy metals using waste eggshell

The removal capacity of toxic heavy metals by the reused eggshell was studied.As a pretreatment process for the preparation of reused material from waste eggshell,calcination was performed in the furnace at 800℃for 2 h after crushing the dried waste eggshell.Calcination behavior,qualitative and quantitative elemental information,mineral type and surface characteristics before and after calcination of eggshell were examined by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray fluorescence (XRF),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),respectively.After calcination,the major inorganic composition was identified as Ca(lime, 99.63%)and K,P and Sr were identified as minor components.When calcined eggshell was applied in the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing heavy metals,a complete removal of Cd as well as above 99% removal of Cr was observed after 10 min. Although the natural eggshell had some removal capacity of Cd and Cr,a complete removal was not accomplished even after 60 min due to quite slower removal rate.However,in contrast to Cd and Cr,an efficient removal of Pb was observed with the natural eggshell rather than the calcined eggshell.From the application of the calcined eggshell in the treatment of real electroplating wastewater, the calcined eggshell showed a promising removal capacity of heavy metal ions as well as had a good neutralization capacity in the treatment of strong acidic wastewater.     

Fenton/CaO调理污泥与生物质成型燃料燃烧污染物排放

针对Fenton/CaO调理后的市政污泥与稻壳混合成型燃料燃烧后烟气中SO₂和NO_x排放进行研究,分析了掺混比、温度和Fenton/CaO剂量对于SO₂和NO_x排放的影响规律.结果表明,污泥混合燃料中稻壳添加量增多,燃烧排放的SO₂和NO_x量逐渐下降,燃料硫转化率先降后升,燃料氮转化率上升;随着炉内温度的升高,污泥混合成型燃料燃烧排放的SO₂和NO_x量也将有所增加,燃料氮硫转化率也保持上升的趋势.经过Fenton/CaO调理后的混合成型燃料燃烧SO₂产生量与未经调理污泥燃烧SO₂排放量相比,低了近3.5倍,而NO_x生成量相对下降了1.3倍左右.经分析,调理污泥SS2与50%的稻壳在800℃温度下混合燃烧污染物排放性能最佳.     

氧化钙对危险废物焚烧飞灰热处理过程中铅释放的抑制

危险废物焚烧飞灰（以下简称“飞灰”）在热处理过程中,挥发性重金属铅（Pb）的释放对环境的潜在风险备受关注.本文研究了飞灰在600~1200 ℃热处理过程中,常见添加剂CaO对飞灰中Pb的浸出及挥发行为的影响.结果表明,当热处理温度超过1000 ℃且CaO含量为38.7%时可有效抑制飞灰中Pb的浸出,促使其转移至稳定的残渣态.而CaO的含量为47.9%时,在飞灰热处理过程中可促使飞灰中Pb转移至Ca₃PbSiO₆矿物相,进而抑制飞灰中Pb的释放,这对精准控制飞灰热处理过程的重金属二次污染具有重要参考价值.     

控制型煤SO2污染的研究

本文利用二氧化锰，氧化钙和碳酸钙为固硫剂，掺入煤炭中制成型煤进行固硫，经实验分析表明，固硫效果好，减轻了环境污染，并具有节能效果。     

双碱法在本钢发电厂220t/h燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术中的应用

烟气脱硫对节能减排起着关键性的作用,本钢发电厂3年内先后对4台220 t/h燃煤锅炉进行烟气脱硫,采用WSCM型石质旋流式脱硫除尘设备,在运行中不断完善脱硫工艺,配备了NaOH、CaO系统,建成安装了浓缩池及相应的泵房等配套设施,脱硫工艺更名为"双碱法(CaO/NaOH)"。通过对污染物的控制、在线监控及监测数据,加强管理达到节能减排的预期效果。     

新工艺制备聚合氯化铝絮凝剂的实验研究

以Al2O3和CaO为原料用焙烧酸溶制备工艺合成新型高效的聚合氯化铝。研究结果表明,提高焙烧温度时有利于新型絮凝剂制备合成反应,最佳原料配比为(Al2O3)60%,最佳酸溶时间为3h。。     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

PE/CaO薄膜的光热降解行为

采用热重法(TG)和人工加速老化法分别模拟聚乙烯/氧化钙(PE/CaO)薄膜的焚烧和光照过程,研究了PE/CaO薄膜的光热降解行为.研究结果表明,采用Kissinger和Ozawa法对添加不同含量CaO的PE薄膜的热降解过程进行计算,得到PE/CaO薄膜的动力学参数,2种方法求出的表观活化能基本吻合.采用Crane方程计算出PE和PE/CaO薄膜热降解的反应级数,结果显示均为一级反应.对添加10%、20%、25%CaO的PE薄膜的热降解过程采用Kissinger法计算,其表观活化能分别为220.4、197.6、217.8kJ·mol-1,均比纯PE薄膜的表观活化能224.0kJ·mol-1低,其热降解性能更好.添加CaO的PE薄膜在光照下,产生氢过氧化物和自由基,主要发生NorrishⅡ型断裂反应,增加了自由基的生成,加快了降解速度.