Three-fluid retention in porous media involving water, PCE and air

A classical way to obtain three-fluid retention curves in porous media from measured two-fluid retention curves is based on the Leverett concept, which states that the total volumetric liquid content in a water-wet porous medium, containing water, a nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) and air, is a function of the capillary pressure across the interface between the continuous NAPL and air. This functional relationship results from the assumed condition that in a three-fluid porous medium, the intermediate wetting fluid spreads over the water-air interface. Application of Leverett's concept may not be valid, however, for nonspreading NAPLs like perchloroethylene (PCE). This paper discusses measurements of both PCE-air and water-PCE-air retention curves using a long vertical column in conjunction with a dual-energy gamma radiation system. The data indicate that the Leverett concept was applicable only until a critical PCE saturation had been reached.     

铜、砷在水稻－土壤体系中的迁移及其对水稻影响的研究

通过盆栽试验和现场布点试验，研究了铜、砷在水稻－土壤体系中迁移的规律。结果表明，该体系对铜、砷污染具有相当大的缓解作用；土壤中水溶性可交换态铜、砷含量很低；铜、砷主要累积在水稻根部；土壤中铜、砷相互有拮抗作用，确定土壤铜、砷临界值应考虑多因素综合作用。     

植物体中萜类物质化感作用的研究进展

萜类物质主要以挥发油的形式广泛存在于高等植物中,尤以菊科植物含量丰富。萜类是天然物质中种类最多的一类,按结构可分为单萜、双萜、倍半萜、三萜及多萜等,是第二大类化感物质,尤其是单萜和倍半萜化感活性很强。萜类化感物质合成后大多通过植物体挥发或根系分泌等途径进入土壤,从而影响自身及邻近植物的生长。植物体中萜类物质化感作用已成为近年来国内外研究的热点。文章从萜类物质在植物中的分布、积累特点、释放途径及影响因素等方面进行了系统论述,分析了萜类对植物化感作用的机理及特点,总结了近年来该领域所取得的研究成果。文章认为萜类物质具有独特的化感活性,往往在较低的浓度即能表现出很强的抑制作用,影响其释放的内外因素较多,而且因其种类繁多化感作用机制也较复杂。最后指出了萜类物质化感作用研究中存在的关键问题,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,希望研究者能进一步创新萜类化感物质的收集方法,关注土壤及空气等媒介对萜类物质化感活性的影响,采用多学科交叉的手段深入探索萜类物质的化感机理。     

蔬菜灰霉病生防菌的筛选与防效试验初报

针对灰霉病对大棚蔬菜生产造成的严重危害,从不同生态环境条件下筛选到４种对灰霉病菌（由Ｂｏｔｒｙｔｉｓｃｉｎｅｒｅａ引起）有拮抗作用的生防菌株,并进行了初步鉴定．室内和田间试验表明,４种生防菌株中尤以绿色木霉（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａｖｉｒｉｄｅ）ＬＴＲ２的防治效果为最佳,达到了８０％以上     

植物化感作用机理的研究进展

对国内外近年有关植物化感作用机理方面的研究进行了介绍、归纳和总结 ,提出了今后的研究方向。     

Increasing the impact of collective incentives in payments for ecosystem services

Collective payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs make payments to groups, conditional on specified aggregate land-management outcomes. Such collective contracting may be well suited to settings with communal land tenure or decision-making. Given that collective contracting does not require costly individual-level information on outcomes, it may also facilitate conditioning on additionality (i.e., conditioning payments upon clearly improved outcomes relative to baseline). Yet collective contracting often suffers from free-riding, which undermines group outcomes and may be exacerbated or ameliorated by PES designs. We study impacts of conditioning on additionality within a number of collective PES designs. We use a framed field-laboratory experiment with participants from a new PES program in Mexico. Because social interactions are critical within collective processes, we assess the impacts from conditioning on additionality given: (1) group participation in contract design, and (2) a group coordination mechanism. Conditioning on above-baseline outcomes raised contributions, particularly among initially lower contributors. Group participation in contract design increased impact, as did the coordination mechanism.     

Privatisation and outsourcing in wartime: the humanitarian challenges

The tendency today to privatise many activities hitherto considered the exclusive preserve of the state has given rise to sharp debate. The specific nature of humanitarian emergencies elucidates in particularly stark contrast some of the main challenges connected to the privatisation and outsourcing of essential public services, such as the provision of drinking water and health care. Privatising the realms of defence and security, which are at the very core of state prerogative, raises several legal and humanitarian concerns. This article focuses on the roles and responsibilities of the various parties involved in armed conflicts, especially those of private companies engaged in security, intelligence and interrogation work, and in the provision of water supply and health services. It highlights the need for humanitarian and development actors to grasp better the potential risks and opportunities related to privatisation and outsourcing with a view to supplying effective protection and assistance to communities affected by war.     

某水电站库首右岸拉裂变形体形成机理研究

某水电站库首右岸存在一个拉裂变形体,低线施工公路从陡峭拉裂变形体山坡下部通过。低线公路开挖完成后路堑边坡发生局部塌滑,于2003年5月在其上部形成浅层滑坡体(1000多方)。结合拉裂变形体的分析和治理工作,在统计分析大量勘探资料的基础上,提出了该拉裂变形体是边坡在自重应力和构造应力的复合应力场下快速却荷引起岩体的浅表生改造,形成如荷松动岩体,后期在低线公路祠室大爆破开挖施工、下部坡体切脚和基雨的影响下形成浅层滑坡体,并逐步向上扩展的形成机理。