区域可持续发展评价体系与方法研究

提出区域可持续发展的评价体系和评价方法。评价体系的建立应遵循空间跨度和时间距度相结合，乘法和区域分类的原则。区域发展的可持续性由社会经济的发展水平，资源环境的数量，质量状态及它们的协调度所决定。深圳和东莞可持续发展评价结果表明：深圳可持续性从１９８０年至１９９０年逐渐增强，但１９９１年开始下降；东莞可持续性从１９８０年以后逐渐增强。目前两市均处于弱可持续阶段。     

三峡库区城镇排水体制选择

就排水体制的发展及合流与分流制的污染负荷研究进行了综述。在此基础上，通过对三峡库区城镇地形，周围水体等实际状况进行分析，认为三峡库区城镇排水体制宪选用合流制系统。     

京津冀化工场地地下水污染修复治理对策研究

京津冀化工场地地下水污染问题突出,严重威胁当地饮水安全和可持续发展,亟待开展修复治理.针对京津冀化工场地地下水污染现状,分析了化工场地地下水污染修复面临的挑战,提出了分区分级的修复治理对策.结果表明:①针对可能存在NAPL(非水相液体污染物)的高风险污染源区,采取高强度修复措施,以实现污染物总量的快速削减;②针对中度污染区,采取单位能耗强度更低的长效修复措施,降低修复成本和二次污染风险;③针对低风险的轻度污染区,采取风险管控措施.结合对典型化工场地地下水污染修复技术的分析,提出的分区分级修复治理对策具有以下特点:①多技术耦合,形成互补效应,可提高修复效率;②节约修复成本,降低二次环境影响;③体现基于风险的原则,避免过度修复.      

坚持人与自然和谐共生,推动生态文明建设——“美丽秦巴”专家笔谈

建设生态文明是中华民族永续发展的千年大计。为维护全球生态安全,建设美丽中国,为人民创造良好生产生活环境,达到坚持人与自然和谐共生的目标,就必须正确认识自然规律、尊重地球、敬畏地球、规范人类行为;必须树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念,坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策,像对待生命一样对待生态环境;必须坚持节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主的方针,形成节约资源和保护环境的空间格局、产业结构、生产方式和生活方式,还自然以宁静、和谐与美丽。     

闽三角地区碳排放时空差异及影响因素研究

以闽三角地区为研究对象,以2005~2017年为研究期,构建城市尺度的碳排放清单,应用对数平均迪氏指数分解方法从时间维度的纵向比较和典型年份城市横向比较两个维度开展了驱动因素的分解分析及评价,探讨了闽三角碳排放变化影响因素的时空差异.结果显示：研究期内闽三角CO₂排放增长较快,从2005年的74.08Mt增加到2017年169.48Mt,增幅为128.75%.其中,泉州贡献最大,占比为67.93%.碳排放变化趋势分析来看,产业结构和经济增长为导致闽三角地区碳排放量增长的主要因素,累计贡献度分别为30.38%和12.21%,能源结构为抑制碳排放的重要影响因素,累计贡献度为-45.76%.时空差异上看,能源结构效应在研究期内均表现为抑制效应,最大贡献率为52.95%;而产业结构效应均表现为促进效应,最大贡献率为33.85%.在研究期内,漳州市碳减排力度最大,最大净减排148.27Mt.而泉州市经济增长和产业结构效应贡献率较大,未来仍具有较大的减排空间.厦门市经济增长和产业结构效应贡献率均低于参考值,且在研究期内变动幅度较小,碳减排压力较低.研究结果深化了闽三角地区碳排放的时空格局及影响因素的科学认识,为闽三角地区及相似城市群的减排治理提供了有益借鉴.     

Characterization of aircraft emissions and air quality impacts of an international airport

Beijing Capital International Airport(ZBAA) is the world's second busiest airport. In this study, the emissions of air pollutants from aircraft and other sources at ZBAA in 2015 were estimated using an improved method, which considered the mixing layer height calculated based on aircraft meteorological data relay(AMDAR), instead of using the height(915 m)recommended by ICAO. The yearly emissions of NO_x, CO, VOCs, SO_2, and PM_(2.5) at the airport were 8.76 × 10~3, 4.43 × 10~3, 5.43 × 10~2, 4.80 × 10~2, and 1.49 × 10~2 ton/year, respectively. The spatial–temporal distribution of aircraft emissions was systematically analyzed to understand the emission characteristics of aircraft. The results indicated that NOxwas mainly emitted during the take-off and climb phases, accounting for 20.5% and 55.5% of the total emissions. CO and HC were mainly emitted during the taxi phase, accounting for 91.6%and 92.2% of the total emissions. Because the mixing layer height was high in summer, the emissions of aircraft were at the highest level throughout the year. Based on the detailed emissions inventory, four seasons simulation using WRF-CMAQ model was performed over the domain surrounding the airport. The results indicated that the contribution to PM_(2.5) was relatively high in winter; the average impact was about 1.15 μg/m~3 within a radius of1 km around the airport. Meanwhile, the near surroundings and southwest areas of the airport are the most sensitive to PM_(2.5).     

三峡库区水环境风险评估与预警平台总体设计与应用

为保障三峡库区水环境安全,提高环保部门的环境预警和应急科学处置能力,根据“平战结合”的平台建设思路,提出了基于面向服务(SOA)可扩展的架构、Webservice数据服务调用模式和模块化功能的平台构建技术,集成了地方环保业务系统的成果,设计和实施了一个体系、一张网、一张图、一张表、一个流程的“五个一”平台工程,研发了集污染源风险识别、环境预警监控、模拟预测、应急评估处置和信息发布5项功能为一体的三峡水环境风险评估与预警平台,并在重庆市环保部门实现了业务化运行应用. 平台研究成果可支撑应急管理和日常管理,并在一系列突发性事件中得到业务应用验证和应用,环境应急响应时间从1~2 h缩短至10~20 min,应急处置时间从原来的1~2 d缩短至1~2 h,显著提高了三峡库区水环境风险评估、预警和防范能力.      

基于层次分析法的中原经济区流域水系统健康评价

为了在水资源与水环境双重制约下制订人水和谐发展的政策提供决策支持,以我国中原经济区这一重点开发区域为例,基于层次分析法构建了以水系统自然条件、水系统服务功能及人类活动影响三要素(共计20项指标)为基础的流域水系统健康评价体系,并以2011年作为评价年,将中原经济区的水资源二级区作为基本流域单元对水系统健康状况进行评价. 结果表明:中原经济区9个水资源二级区中,除了淮河上游水资源二级区(3.20分,完全健康状态为5.00分)为基本健康状态、汉江水资源二级区(2.77分)和三门峡至花园口水资源二级区(2.18分)为亚健康状态以外,其余水资源二级区(0.55~1.77分)均为不健康及极不健康状态. 分析显示,人类活动影响是影响中原经济区内各流域水系统健康状况的主要原因,人口众多、工农业开发活动强度大使得其对水资源需求巨大. 部分水资源二级区对地下水资源依赖程度较高,造成不同程度的地下水超采现象. 伴随着高强度水资源利用的是水污染物的高强度排放,部分河流水污染状况严重,甚至在局部地区造成了地下水污染. 这种不健康的状态在中原经济区内由南向北随着水系统自然条件和水系统服务功能的降低呈加重趋势.      

Strategic pollution control and capital tax competition

In an analytical model of symmetric countries with mobile capital and local or transboundary pollution we investigate whether competition in emissions taxes (or emissions caps) and capital taxes leads to efficient outcomes when governments act strategically. When they have capital taxes and emissions caps at their disposal, they refrain from taxing capital and set their caps inefficiently lax [efficient] for transboundary [local] pollution. When they have the option to tax capital and emissions, capital is subsidized [untaxed] and emissions taxes are inefficiently low [efficient] for transboundary [local] pollution. In case of transboundary pollution emissions caps are Pareto-superior to emissions taxes. That holds regardless of whether the environmental policy is applied as stand-alone policy or combined with capital tax competition.     

Methods development and use of macroinvertebrates as indicators of ecological conditions for streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region

The Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment (MAHA) included the sampling of macroinvertebrates from 424 wadeable stream sites to determine status and trends, biological conditions, and water quality in first through third order streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region (MAHR) of the United States in 1993–1995. We identified reference and impaired sites using water chemistry and habitat criteria and evaluated a set of candidate macroinvertebrate metrics using a stepwise process. This process examined several metric characteristics, including ability of metrics to discriminate reference and impaired sites, relative scope of impairment, correlations with chemical and habitat indicators of stream disturbance, redundancy with other metrics, and within-year variability. Metrics that performed well were compared with metrics currently being used by three states in the region: Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Some of the metrics used by these states did not perform well when evaluated using regional data, while other metrics used by all three states in some form, specifically number of taxa, number of EPT taxa, and Hilsenhoff Biotic Index, performed well overall. Reasons for discrepancies between state and regional evaluations of metrics are explored. We also provide a set of metrics that, when used in combination, may provide a useful assessment of stream conditions in the MAHR.