二氧化硫排放总量控制若干问题的思考

根据国家《“十一五”规划纲要》对削减二氧化硫排放总量的要求，在对电力行业脱硫现状及前景的具体阐述中指出实现这个目标的可能性，并从多方面对二氧化硫总量控制的关键问题进行了详尽的论述与分析。     

回采工作面瓦斯涌出量预测的神经网络方法

回采工作面瓦斯涌出量受煤层瓦斯含量、工作面产量和采煤方法等各种因素的影响 ,笔者通过研究得出 :回采工作面瓦斯涌出量与煤层的赋存条件和开采条件之间是一种非线性关系 ,但目前还难以用精确的数学建模来求解。因此 ,提出了一种应用BP人工神经网络模型和算法 ,建立工作面瓦斯涌出量预测模型 ,从而预测不同开采条件下回采工作面瓦斯涌出量。实际应用表明 ,模型精度能满足要求。笔者还对隐含层神经元数目对步长影响作了讨论。     

Modelling nitrogen fluxes at the landscape scale

The distribution and impacts of different nitrogen pollutants are inextricably linked. To understand the problem fully, the interactions between the different pollutants need to be taken into account. This is particularly important when it comes to abatement techniques, since measures to reduce emissions of one nitrogen pollutant can often lead to an increase in another. This project represents a step towards greater understanding of these issues by linking together new and existing nitrogen flux models into a larger framework. The modelling framework has been constructed and some of the nitrogen flows between fields, farms and the atmosphere have been modelled for a UK study area for typical farm management scenarios.     

大气环境立法新动向

大气环境法是随大气环境的变化而发展的。通过分析美、日、中等国家近年来的大气环境立法状况，概括出目前大气环境立法的五大趋势。这些趋势反映了人们对大气污染防治问题认识的深入和对大气环境污染防治法律观念的转变。     

How certain are we about the certainty-equivalent long term social discount rate?

Theoretical arguments for using a term structure of social discount rates (SDR) that declines with the time horizon have influenced government guidelines in the US and Europe. The certainty equivalent discount rate that often underpins this guidance embodies uncertainty in the primitives of the SDR, such as growth. For distant time horizons the probability distributions of these primitives are ambiguous and the certainty equivalent itself is uncertain. Yet, if a limited set of characteristics of the unknown probability distributions can be agreed upon, ‘sharp’ upper and lower bounds can be defined for the certainty-equivalent SDR. Unfortunately, even with considerable agreement on these features, these bounds are widely spread for horizons beyond 75 years. So while estimates of the present value of intergenerational impacts, including the social cost of carbon, can be bounded in the presence of this ambiguity, they typically remain so imprecise as to provide little practical guidance.     

Synthesis of branched,nano channeled,ultrafine and nano carbon tubes from PET wastes using the arc discharge method

Upcycling polymer wastes into useful, and valuable carbon based materials, is a challenging process. We report a novel catalyst-free and solvent-free technique for the formation of nano channeled ultrafine carbon tubes (NCUFCTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes, using rotating cathode arc discharge technique. The soot obtain from the anode contains ultrafine and nano-sized solid carbon spheres (SCS) with a mean diameter of 221 nm and 100 nm, respectively, formed at the lower temperature region of the anode where the temperature is approximately 1700 °C. The carbon spheres are converted into long “Y” type branched and non-branched NCUFCTs and MWCNTs at higher temperature regions where the temperature is approximately 2600 °C, with mean diameters of 364 nm and 95 nm, respectively. Soot deposited on the cathode is composed of MWCNTs with a mean diameter of 20 nm and other nanoparticles. The tubular structures present in the anode are longer, bent and often coiled with lesser graphitization compared to the nanotubes in the soot on the cathode.     

常规施肥条件下农田不同途径氮素损失的原位研究:以长江中下游地区夏玉米季为例

为了解农田常规施肥条件下的不同途径氮素损失特征,本文通过田间原位试验同步研究了长江中下游地区夏玉米生长季氮肥施用后的农田N2O排放、NH3挥发、氮渗漏和地表径流的变化.结果表明,在复合肥为基肥,尿素为追肥,基追肥氮素水平均为150 kg·hm-2的条件下,整个玉米生长季N2O排放系数为3.3%,NH3挥发损失率为10.2%,氮渗漏和地表径流损失率分别为11.2%和5.1%.此外,基肥施用以氮素渗漏损失为主,而追肥氮素损失以氨挥发和渗漏为主,表明不同途径化肥氮素损失主要受氮肥品种影响,玉米季追肥可改用低氨挥发氮肥品种以减少氮素损失.     

福建省地级市人为源活性氮排放及其特征分析

在人口增长和快速城市化的背景下,活性氮排放对生态环境的影响日益加剧.为研究省级尺度活性氮排放规律,采用排放因子法建立2000、2005及2010年福建省人为源活性氮排放清单,分析各地市3个年份活性氮排放量及排放强度特征.结果表明,3个年份福建省活性氮排放总量分别为538.4、587.0和619.97 Gg,呈整体增加趋势.在9个地级市中,增速最快的为莆田市,而漳州市排放量有所下降.排放量最大的为漳州和泉州,排放量最小的为宁德与厦门.从排放来源看,90%以上的排放来自农田生态系统和畜禽养殖系统.能源活动贡献较小,但其排放增长最为显著.2010年,各地市单位面积活性氮排放强度呈"东南沿海高西北内陆低"的格局,最高为厦门市,最低为三明市;GDP和人口排放强度则呈"东南沿海低西北内陆高"的格局,最高为南平市,最低为厦门市.在分析各地市活性氮排放源特征的基础上,探讨了不同地区活性氮减排重点,研究结果可为福建省及下辖各地市活性氮减排提供科学依据.     

典型生活垃圾处理设施恶臭排放特征及污染评价

为研究生活垃圾处理设施恶臭污染排放特征,分别在北京市生活垃圾填埋、焚烧、堆肥3种工艺的前处理车间采集恶臭样品,利用冷阱富集-气质联用(GC/MS)技术对恶臭气体进行分析.结果表明,检测到的恶臭物质主要分为6大类:芳香烃化合物、硫化物、卤代物、烯烃、烷烃和含氧有机物.其中,填埋工艺的前处理车间共检测出50种物质,质量浓度为100.069mg·m~(-3),理论臭气浓度OU_T为350.611,综合臭气指数N为25.448.焚烧工艺的前处理车间共检测出55种物质,质量浓度为36.052 mg·m~(-3),理论臭气浓度OU_T为141.434,综合臭气指数N为21.506.堆肥工艺的前处理车间共检测出34种物质,质量浓度为25.382 mg·m~(-3),理论臭气浓度OU_T为27.547,综合臭气指数N为14.401.利用阈稀释倍数的恶臭贡献值计算方法,初步识别填埋工艺的前处理车间特征恶臭污染物质为:二甲二硫醚、乙酸丁酯、对二乙苯和乙醇;焚烧工艺的前处理车间特征恶臭污染物质为:甲硫醇、二甲二硫醚、乙醇和柠檬烯;堆肥工艺的前处理车间特征恶臭污染物质为:乙醇、二甲二硫醚、乙酸丁酯和柠檬烯.     

低碳经济背景下我国产业结构升级对策研究

为了实现我国经济的平稳发展,改变以"高消耗、高增长、高污染"的传统经济增长方式,解决资源的过度消耗和温室气体的过量排放等问题,文章从我国产业及内部结构、产业的碳排放量和产业节能率三个方面进行了分析,提出了在低碳经济背景下实现我国产业结构升级的对策。