扬州市2010年生态足迹计算与分析

生态足迹是评价区域可持续发展的定量方法,也是一种用来度量人类活动对生态系统压力和影响的新途径.扬州市生态足迹计算的结果显示,2010年为2.823 hm2/人,是本地区生态承载力的5.39倍.扬州市生态赤字高于全国平均水平,并主要通过资源输入进行弥补.经济发展的生态转型和城镇建设的低碳化是抑制生态足迹过快增长的关键,实施区域生态保护有助于提高生态承载力.     

CO2 Capture and Storage with Leakage in an Energy-Climate Model

Geological CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) is among the main near-term contenders for addressing the problem of global climate change. Even in a baseline scenario, with no comprehensive international climate policy, a moderate level of CCS technology is expected to be deployed, given the economic benefits associated with enhanced oil and gas recovery. With stringent climate change control, CCS technologies will probably be installed on an industrial scale. Geologically stored CO₂, however, may leak back to the atmosphere, which could render CCS ineffective as climate change reduction option. This article presents a long-term energy scenario study for Europe, in which we assess the significance for climate policy making of leakage of CO₂ artificially stored in underground geological formations. A detailed sensitivity analysis is performed for the CO₂ leakage rate with the bottom-up energy systems model MARKAL, enriched for this purpose with a large set of CO₂ capture technologies (in the power sector, industry, and for the production of hydrogen) and storage options (among which enhanced oil and gas recovery, enhanced coal bed methane recovery, depleted fossil fuel fields, and aquifers). Through a series of model runs, we confirm that a leakage rate of 0.1%/year seems acceptable for CCS to constitute a meaningful climate change mitigation option, whereas one of 1%/year is not. CCS is essentially no option to achieve CO₂ emission reductions when the leakage rate is as high as 1%/year, so more reductions need to be achieved through the use of renewables or nuclear power, or in sectors like industry and transport. We calculate that under strict climate control policy, the cumulative captured and geologically stored CO₂ by 2100 in the electricity sector, when the leakage rate is 0.1%/year, amounts to about 45,000 MtCO₂. Only a little over 10,000 MtCO₂ cumulative power-generation-related emissions are captured and stored underground by the end of the century when the leakage rate is 1%/year. Overall marginal CO₂ abatement costs increase from a few €/tCO₂ today to well over 150 €/tCO₂ in 2100, under an atmospheric CO₂ concentration constraint of 550 ppmv. Carbon costs in 2100 turn out to be about 40 €/tCO₂ higher when the annual leakage rate is 1%/year in comparison to when there is no CO₂ leakage. Irrespective of whether CCS deployment is affected by gradual CO₂ seepage, the annual welfare loss in Europe induced by the implementation of policies preventing “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” (under our assumption, implying a climate stabilisation target of 550 ppmv CO₂ concentration) remains below 0.5% of GDP during the entire century.

Long-term declining in carbon monoxide(CO) at a rural site of Beijing during 2006–2018 implies the improved combustion efficiency and effective emission control

Carbon monoxide(CO) is primarily the result of incomplete combustion, which has important impacts on the atmospheric chemical cycle and climate. Improved quantitative characterization of long-term CO trends is important for both atmospheric modeling and the design and implementation of policies to efficiently control multiple pollutants. Due to the limitations of high time-resolution and high-quality long-term observational data, studies on long-term trends in the CO concentration in China are q...     

Congener-specific accumulation and trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls in spider crab food webs revealed by stable isotope analysis

Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) and stable isotopes (delta15N and delta13C) were analyzed in the spider crab (Maja brachydactyla) food web from the Iroise Sea (Western Brittany) and the Seine Bay (Eastern English Channel). PCB concentrations were all significantly higher in organisms from the Seine Bay than those from the Iroise Sea. PCB patterns were strongly related to the feeding mode of the species, and increased influence of higher chlorinated congeners was highlighted with trophic position of the organisms. PCB concentrations (lipid normalized) were significantly related to the isotopically derived trophic level (TL) in spider crab food webs. The highest trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were calculated for the congeners with 2,4,5-substitution, and were lower in the Seine Bay compared to the Iroise Sea. The confrontation of PCB and TL data also revealed biotransformation capacity of decapod crustaceans for specific congeners based on structure-activity relations.     

非分散红外线气体法测定生活垃圾填埋气中二氧化碳

采用非分散红外线气体法测定生活垃圾填埋气中的二氧化碳,介绍了填埋气监测井的设置及样品采集和测定方法,讨论了稀释倍数、配气方法和填埋气成分对测定的影响,经验证,方法准确度和精密度均符合要求。     

皖西大别山区生态足迹实证分析-以金寨县为例

在简要介绍生态足迹模型的基础上,以皖西大别山区金寨县为例,对该地区2002年的经济发展的状况进行了实证分析.结果表明,金寨县2002年的经济发展是可持续的,其中在生态承载力中,林地贡献率最大,其次为草地,分别占77.0%和19.2%;耕地和水域贡献率最低,分别为1.5%和1.3%;在所需的生态足迹中,耕地足迹最大,其次为化石燃料,分别占47.7%和42.0%,草地、建筑用地、水域、林地足迹较小.     

碳捕集、利用与封存技术商业模式分析

在2060年碳中和目标的要求下,碳捕集、利用与封存技术将扮演重要角色。目前碳捕集、利用与封存技术在中国尚处于工业示范阶段,面临技术成熟度不足、经济成本高、融资渠道单一、应用领域有限、盈利能力差等障碍,迫切需要建立合理的商业模式以推进技术部署。本文梳理了国际上现有的碳捕集、利用与封存商业化项目和相关支持政策,基于商业模式画布的研究框架,分析了碳捕集、利用与封存商业化部署的现状、特点与障碍,并在此基础上提出了相应建议,包括加强技术研发、完善政策体系、布局基础设施和促进集群建设。     

徐州市主城区个人生态足迹空间变异性研究

为揭示徐州市主城区个人生态足迹的空间变异性并分析引起其空间变异的原因,采用问卷调查和克里格插值法对个人生态足迹及其组分的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明:①徐州市主城区个人生态足迹分别是中国和全球个人生态足迹的1.48倍和1.18倍,其中商品服务足迹所占比例最大(51.1%),徐州市主城区处于弱不可持续发展状态;②经过实验半变异函数交叉验证,球状、指数和高斯模型可以较好模拟个人生态足迹及其组分的空间变异,其中,个人生态足迹、住宅足迹和商品服务足迹的块基比均小于25%,表现出强烈的空间相关性,碳足迹和食物足迹处于25%至75%之间,表现出中等空间相关性;③个人生态足迹、碳足迹、食物足迹和商品服务足迹总体上呈南高北低趋势,以市中心为峰值逐渐向周围递减,住宅足迹呈多峰值分布,最高值位于远离市中心的郊区。对个人生态足迹及其驱动因素进行空间相关分析,发现,调查对象的社会经济背景和空间特征对个人生态足迹及其组分的空间变异特征具有重要影响。     

基于淡水资源账户和污染账户的生态足迹改进模型

论文通过增加淡水资源账户和污染账户,对通用的生态足迹模型进行改进,弥补了生态足迹模型中对淡水资源和对生态系统消纳污染物描述的不足,增强了生态足迹模型计测的准确性;同时以实际土地平均生产力法对东江流域涉及地市赣州、 梅州、 河源、 韶关、 惠州、 广州、 东莞和深圳等城市2008年的产量因子进行调整,计算了东江流域涉及8市2008年的生态足迹。结果表明:①2008年东江流域涉及各市的生态足迹和生态承载力差异较大,意味着各市之间的社会经济状况和资源禀赋大不相同。总的人均生态足迹的空间分布为除惠州和深圳外,有由上游至中下游增加的趋势;除淡水外的可利用人均生态承载力的空间分布,则呈现由上游至中下游减少的趋势。②生态足迹的空间变化随人均GDP和/或城镇人口比例的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,这一结论或许能给流域内外的其他城市就如何减少乃至消除区域生态赤字提供一点启示,指出其经济社会发展的道路和下一步应该努力的方向。③各市除淡水外的总生态足迹均大于其生态承载力,因而整个流域不同程度地均存在生态赤字,即按照当前状况,这些地区都需要继续从区域以外的地方输入自然产品和资源及能源才能维持正常的发展。     

无锡市碳排放的因素分解模型及实证分析

在计算无锡市2000~2011年二氧化碳排放量的基础上,采用对数平均权重Divisia分解法,建立无锡市人均碳排放的因素分解模型,定量分析能源结构、能源效率、经济发展情况等因素对无锡市人均碳排放的影响。结果显示经济发展对拉动无锡人均碳排放的贡献率呈指数增长趋势,相比之下,能源效率及能源结构对碳排放的抑制作用并不明显。据此提出开发可再生能源,转变能源消费结构,发展清洁煤技术,提高能源利用率等对策。