Nitrous oxide emission from an agricultural field: Comparison between measurements by flux chamber and micrometerological techniques

The soil in a drained fjord area, reclaimed for arable farming, produced N₂O mainly at 75–105 cm depth, just above the ground water level. Surface emissions of N₂O were measured from discrete small areas by closed and open-flow chamber methods, using gas chromatographic analysis and over larger areas by integrative methods: flux gradient (analysis by FTIR), conditional sampling (analysis by TDLAS), and eddy covariance (analysis by TDLAS). The mean emission of N₂O as determined by chamber procedures during a 9-day campaign was 162–202 μg N₂ONm⁻²h⁻¹ from a wheat stubble and 328–467 μg N₂ONm⁻² h⁻¹ from a carrot field. The integrative approaches gave N₂O emissions of 149–495 μg N₂ONm⁻² h⁻¹, i.e. a range similar to those determined with the chamber methods. Wind direction affected the comparison of chamber and integrative methods because of patchiness of the N₂O emission over the area. When a uniform area with a single type of vegetation had a dominant effect on the N₂O gradient at the sampling mast, the temporal variation in N₂O emission determined by the flux gradient/FTIR method and chamber methods was very similar, with differences of only 18% or less in mean N₂O emission, well below the variation encountered with the chamber methods themselves. A detailed comparison of FTIR gradient and chamber data taking into account the precise emission footprint showed good agreement. It is concluded that there was no bias between the different approaches used to measure the N₂O emission and that the precision of the measurements was determined by the spatial variability of the N₂O emission at the site and the variability inherent in the individual techniques. These results confirm that measurements of N₂O emissions from different ecosystems obtained by the different methods can be meaningfully compared.     

Aerobic biodegradability of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) used in natural gas sweetening plants in batch tests and continuous flow experiments

Mixtures of different amines including tertiary amines (methyldiethanolamine, MDEA) are commonly used for the removal of CO₂ from gas mixtures or in gas sweetening processes for the extraction of CO₂ and H₂S. The absorber solutions used can be released into the industrial waste water due to continuous substitution of degraded MDEA, periodically cleaning processes or an accidental spill. In this study, the aerobic biodegradability of MDEA was investigated in a standardised batch test and a continuous flow experiment (40 l/d). The results of the batch test indicated that the MDEA-solution was non-biodegradable during the test period of 28 days, whereas the continuous flow experiments showed biodegradation of more than 96% based on TOC-measurements. This was probably due to the adaptation of the microorganisms to this particular waste water contamination during continuous flow experiment.     

二氧化碳储存技术的研究现状和展望

为了减少因温室效应造成的危害,必须大量减少CO2的人为排放.将化石燃料燃烧产生的CO2进行储存(尤其是地下储存)能够长期、有效地阻止大气中CO2浓度的增加.通过对CO2储存技术研究现状的介绍,对中国今后开展CO2地下储存技术提出了建议和研究方向.     

Simulation study on near-field structure and flow characteristics of high-pressure CO2 released from the pipeline

The accidental release of high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO₂) can cause serious damages to both humans and pipeline equipment. Therefore, it is of great significance to have a deeper understanding about the release characteristics of high-pressure CO₂ for improving the safety level of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies. Both industrial-scale and laboratory-scale studies have been carried out to predict the release behaviors. In recent years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation has become a crucial method to study the instantaneous changes and microscopic details of the fluid behaviors. In this paper, the simulation method was employed to study the near-field structure and flow characteristics of high-pressure CO₂ released from pipelines. The Peng-Robinson Equation of State (EOS) was used to compute the thermodynamic properties of high-pressure CO₂, and SST k-ω model was applied to simulate the structure and physical parameters of the under-expanded jet. In addition, the multi-phase mixture model was introduced to study the phase transition. The non-equilibrium liquid/vapor transition is modeled by introducing ‘source terms’ for mass transfer and latent heat. Compared to the experimental results, the simulation results showed good agreement. Furthermore, the influences of operating conditions, including different stagnation pressure, stagnation temperature, and nozzle size, were analyzed.     

缓解西北地区缺水问题的新途径——提高农村机械化,调整生产与消费结构

根据虚拟水与水足迹的理论与计算方法,对我国西北和中部地区虚拟水含量进行研究.首先计算2000年江西省主要农产品虚拟水含量和城乡居民生活消费虚拟水含量,得出粮食作物的虚拟水含量为284.81×108 m3;城镇居民人均消费主要产品的虚拟水量为768.27 m3;农村居民人均消费主要产品的虚拟水含量为670.17 m3.然后在前人计算结果的基础上,将江西省与陕西省的城乡居民生活消费虚拟水含量进行比较分析,发现城镇居民人均消费粮食虚拟水含量都低于农村居民,陕西省居民人均消费虚拟水含量中粮食虚拟水含量比重大于江西省居民.通过进一步研究居民的消费结构,得出调整区域生产与消费结构,增加虚拟水贸易,是缓解我国西北地区水资源短缺与社会经济发展矛盾的新途径的结论,并指出调整农村消费结构的关键是提高农业生产的机械化.     

厦门市生态足迹动态分析

生态足迹（ecological footprint,EF）方法是一种衡量自然资源可持续利用的生物物理定量评价工具,能够反映出一个区域在一段时期内的可持续发展过程及其影响因子。文章基于生态足迹的理论模型,以恒定世界产量为前提,分析了厦门市1997年-2005年的生态足迹动态变化。结果表明,在这期间厦门市的人均生态足迹超过了人均生态承载力,并且两者之差（即生态赤字）不断增加。此外,通过分析总结了影响厦门市生态足迹以及生态赤字的关键性因子,这为厦门市的可持续发展决策提供了支持和依据。     

基于生态足迹的三峡库区重庆段后续发展生态补偿标准量化研究

生态足迹思想被引入我国后,受到了许多学者的关注,结合生态系统服务价值相关理论,可以量化生态补偿标准.本文以重庆三峡库区为研究对象,通过基于"省公顷"的模型改进方法修正模型,计算生态足迹与生态承载力,得到其空间分异特征,引入生态系统服务价值,构建基于生态足迹的三峡库区后续发展生态补偿标准模型,并计算各个区县的生态补偿标准,与其他大型库区的生态补偿结果进行对比.研究结果表明:在2010—2016年,重庆三峡库区的平均生态足迹为34586160.120 hm~2,平均生态承载力为6664208.176 hm~2,通过对重庆段的所有区县进行生态安全判断,发现全部都是处于不安全状态,需要进行生态补偿.整体上,生态补偿需补偿约54.92亿元.而人均补偿额度小于100元的有大渡口区、奉节县、石柱县、巫山县、巫溪县、云阳县和忠县7个区县,在100～200元有长寿区、丰都县、开州区和武隆区4个区县,在200～300元的有巴南区和北碚区2个区县,在300～400元的有万州区、江北区、江津区、涪陵区和南岸区5个区县,大于400元的有沙坪坝区、渝中区、渝北区和九龙坡区4个区县.随着经济发展,必定会带来生态足迹与生态承载力的改变,生态补偿额度也会相应的增加.     

2006—2015年中国电力碳足迹及其生态压力分析

电力行业是我国节能减排的主力军.本文根据电力来源多样性特征,采用IPCC计算方法,结合净初级生产力模型,定量分析了中国2006-2015年电力消费碳足迹及其生态压力的变化,并将电力碳足迹生态压力与人均GDP进行脱钩分析.结果表明,2006-2015年,电力消费碳排放量经历了先升后降两个阶段,其中,2006-2013年,碳排放量稳步上升,2013年后开始逐渐下降,电力碳足迹生态压力与人均GDP之间主要呈弱脱钩关系,但在2013-2015年,开始出现强脱钩状态.可见在国家″十二五″政策引导下,推动经济结构转型调整,促进电力产业节能减排,已获得显著成效,但仍需继续努力,缓解电力消费过程给生态环境带来的压力.     

Isotopes, Wool, and Rangeland Monitoring: Let the Sheep Do the Sampling

3 and C₄ plant species consumed by animals. Sheep sample vegetation continuously throughout a year, and as their wool grows it integrates and stores information about their diet. In subtropical and tropical rangelands the majority of grass species are C₄. Since sheep prefer to graze, and their wool is an isotopic record of their diet, we now have the potential to develop a high resolution index to the availability of grass from a sheep's perspective. Isotopic analyses of wool suggest a new direction for monitoring grazing and for the reconstruction of past vegetation changes, which will make a significant contribution to traditional rangeland ecology and management. It is recommended that isotopic and other analyses of wool be further developed for use in rangeland monitoring programs to provide valuable feedback for land managers.     

Characterization and role of carbonic anhydrase in the calcification process of the azooxanthellate coral <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tubastrea aurea</Emphasis>

In zooxanthellate corals, the photosynthetic fixation of carbon dioxide and the precipitation of CaCO₃ are intimately linked both spatially and temporally making it difficult to study carbon transport mechanisms involved in each pathway. When studying Tubastrea aurea, a coral devoid of zooxanthellae, we can focus on carbon transport mechanisms involved only in the calcification process. We performed this study to characterize T. aurea carbonic anhydrase and to determine its role in the calcification process. We have shown that inhibition of tissular carbonic anhydrase activity affects the calcification rate. We have measured the activity of this enzyme both in the tissues and in the organix matrix extracted from the skeleton. Our results indicate that organic matrix proteins, which are synthesized by the calcifying tissues, are not only structural proteins, but they also play a crucial catalytic role by eliminating the kinetic barrier to interconversion of inorganic carbon at the calcification site. By immunochemistry we have demonstrated the presence of a protein both in the tissues and in the organic matrix, which shares common features with prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases.