二氧化碳灭火系统扑灭汽车发动机舱内火灾试验研究

本文使用二氧化碳灭火系统进行了汽车发动机舱火灾灭火试验,试验表明:系统采用闭式洒水喷头自动启动时,在风的作用下,火羽向风的下游偏移,可能导致下游的喷头启动,不能有效灭火.系统手动启动时,在发动机舱内部安装4个或者8个开式喷头,均能迅速扑灭汽车发动机舱火灾,且具有灭火时间短,灭火剂用量少,灭火效果好的特点.     

Coping with complex and dynamic systems. An approach to a transdisciplinary understanding of coastal zone developments

Complexity and uncertainty play important roles in coastal management. Economic development may push the coastal system beyond its resilience thresholds as a result of interactions between environmental and socio-economic processes. The concepts in this paper link processes of system change, natural evolutionary processes observed in coastal zones, to processes of social evolution. An indicator based on calculating an ecological footprint for coastal zones is presented to guide decision-making in spatial and economic planning. The suggested indicator may support a range of methods linking economic valuation and environmental impact analysis.     

中国工业产品国际贸易的污染足迹分析

从“污染足迹”的概念出发,利用官方统计数据和投入产出分析方法,分析了中国各工业部门的污染状况,核算了1994～2001年间中国工业产品国际贸易的污染成本和收益.结果表明,中国工业产品出口的污染密度要小于进口的污染密度;1999～2001年中国虽然存在工业产品贸易顺差,实际上却向国外转移了污染足迹;化学工业的净进口帮助中国转移了最多的污染足迹,污染足迹的流入主要来自纺织业和机械工业的净出口.     

Oxidation catalyst of iron oxide suppressing dioxin formation in polyethylene combustion

A new iron oxide catalyst, which has a superior oxidation activity in carbon monoxide and polyethylene (PE) combustion, was synthesized by an aqueous solution reaction. Catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over six kinds of hematite obtained from the goethite was done using a microcatalytic pulse reactor, and the composition of the hematite with the highest oxidation activity was determined. With the aim of suppressing dioxin formation on combustion, incineration tests of solid wastes in PE refuse bags with and without the goethite were carried out using a commercial semibatch-type incinerator with a combustion chamber of 6.2 m³. The result confirmed that the concentration of dioxins in the flue gas decreased considerably when the refuse was incinerated in PE bags manufactured with goethite. Received: July 24, 2000 / Accepted: October 18, 2000     

Black carbon aerosol and carbon monoxide in European regionally polluted air masses at Mace Head, Ireland during 1995–1998

Continuous measurements of black carbon aerosol (BCA) at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ireland show the occurrence of dramatically elevated concentrations when regionally polluted air masses are advected to the station. These occurrences correlate well with similar elevations in carbon monoxide and a wide range of other trace gases monitored near-simultaneously with the BCA. Using daily sector allocation and a sophisticated Lagrangian dispersion model, two independent estimates of the European emission source strength of BCA that are required to explain the Mace Head observations have been made. The best estimates of the UK and European emission source strengths of BCA are 46±14 and [(482–511)±140]×10³ tonnes yr⁻¹, respectively, and these estimates compare favourably with published inventories, at least to within ±25%, though they are considerably smaller than the emissions employed in some early global climate model studies.     

基于OCO-2卫星观测的浙江省典型城市CO2柱浓度变化特征及碳排放重点源识别应用

为有效制定城市层面的低碳发展政策,实现碳达峰的发展目标,利用碳卫星2号（OCO-2）监测的高分辨率大气CO₂柱浓度数据（XCO₂）,分析浙江省杭州、宁波和嘉兴3个典型城市的XCO₂变化特征,以及人类活动和XCO₂变化的关系;识别城市碳排放热点区域,评估碳排放热点源对XCO₂的影响,并利用拉格朗日粒子扩散模型（LPDM）进行验证。结果表明：（1）2016—2021年3个城市的XCO₂年增长量分别为3.1×10^-6,2.3×10^-6和2.2×10^-6,杭州的增长量最为明显;杭州和宁波在2019—2021年XCO₂增量明显,分别为8.0×10^-6和5.7×10^-6。杭州XCO₂的变化趋势与临安大气本底站CO₂观测数据的变化趋势一致。（2）与2017年相比,3个城市的建筑用地面积都略有增加,分别增加了0.9%,2.2%和4.8%;从人口和GDP数据来看,2016—2021年3个城市也均呈持续增加的变化趋势。表明CO₂浓度升高与人类活动密切相关。（3）XCO₂正距平高值区域基本都对应了碳排放热点源（电力企业）的下风向地区,电力企业CO₂的排放会导致下风向地区的XCO₂出现局地性增长,增量为7×10^-6～9×10^-6。     

Revealing the GHG reduction potential of emerging biomass-based CO2 utilization with an iron cycle system

● Greenhouse gas mitigation by biomass-based CO₂ utilization with a Fe cycle system. ● The system including hydrothermal CO₂ reduction with Fe and Fe recovery by biomass. ● The reduction potential quantified by experiments, simulations, and an ex-ante LCA. ● The greatest GHG reduction potential is −34.03 kg CO₂-eq/kg absorbed CO₂. ● Ex-ante LCA supports process optimization to maximize GHG reduction potential. CO₂ utilization becomes a promising solution for reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biomass-based CO₂ utilization (BCU) even has the potential to generate negative emissions, but the corresponding quantitative evaluation is limited. Herein, the biomass-based CO₂ utilization with an iron cycle (BCU-Fe) system, which converts CO₂ into formate by Fe under hydrothermal conditions and recovers Fe with biomass-derived glycerin, was investigated. The GHG reduction potential under various process designs was quantified by a multidisciplinary method, including experiments, simulations, and an ex-ante life-cycle assessment. The results reveal that the BCU-Fe system could bring considerable GHG emission reduction. Significantly, the lowest value is −34.03 kg CO₂-eq/kg absorbed CO₂ (−2.44 kg CO₂-eq/kg circulated Fe) with the optimal yield of formate (66%) and Fe (80%). The proposed ex-ante evaluation approach not only reveals the benefits of mitigating climate change by applying the BCU-Fe system, but also serves as a generic tool to guide the industrialization of emerging carbon-neutral technologies.     

Multinational corporations and the EU Emissions Trading System: The specter of asset erosion and creeping deindustrialization

This study seeks to investigate the causal effect of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on firms' holdings of fixed assets as an early indicator of industrial relocation, exploiting installation level inclusion criteria of the regulation. To single out companies with particularly low relocation costs, global multinational enterprises (MNEs), we identify ownership structures for the full sample of EU ETS-firms. Matched Difference-in-Differences estimates provide robust evidence that contradicts the specter of an erosion of European asset bases. Baseline results for the manufacturing sector indicate that the EU ETS led to an on average increase of treated firms' asset bases of 12,1%. However, for a particular subgroup of MNEs, this increase is a mere 2.1%. For these companies, the EU ETS may have induced a shift in investment priorities.     

Variations in δ13C of water–soluble leaf and phloem organic matter of Platycladus orientalis: influences of photosynthetic and post–photosynthetic fractionation

Analysis of variations in water–soluble organic matter (WSOM) δ¹³C of leaves and phloem can efficiently describe the δ¹³C distributions within plants and identify the temporal variation of δ¹³C. In this study, WSOM δ¹³C values of both leaves and phloem (twig, stem, and root) of Platycladus orientalis were measured during seven sunny days, including 2–hour interval measurements at three days for diel pattern analysis and 6–hour interval measurements at the remaining four days for day–to–day variation analysis. Analysis of WSOM δ¹³C in different plant organs showed that ¹³C was generally depleted from leaves to twigs, then enriched in stems and subsequently depleted in roots. Stems were significantly ¹³C–enriched compared to twigs (p?<?0.05), while δ¹³C differences between stems and other organs and among leaves, twigs and roots were not significant (p?>?0.05). No clear diel patterns in δ¹³C of leaves and phloem were found. Daily average δ¹³C values indicated that all plant organs had more positive values on sunny days during the dry season than during the wet season. Both photosynthetic and post–photosynthetic fractionation influence variations in WSOM δ¹³C. These results have implications for research on plant physiology and plant water use.     

Lagged effect of exports,industrialization and urbanization on carbon footprint in Southeast Asia

The study aims to examine lagged causal effect of economic development policies on the carbon footprint of Southeast Asia. This study employs unit root test, cointegration test and panel data analysis methods to examine endogeneity concerns in observational data. The study applies panel data analysis methods to address unobserved country effect in the model. The balanced panel data includes a total of 240 observations with five cross sections of five nations in Southeast Asia and with 48 time-specific periods of 1970–2017. The results indicate that (1) exports, industrialization, urbanization and economic growth have lagged negative effect on the carbon footprint of the region in the short-run, and (2) there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship among exports, industrialization, urbanization, economic growth and carbon footprint in the region. The findings suggest that the economic growth, exports, industrialization and urbanization of the developing countries in Southeast Asia have been achieved at the cost of increasing the carbon footprint of the region. The findings imply that the environmental policy of the export-led growth countries never have been effective so far since the nations have achieved their economic growth at the high cost of harming the environment of the nations.