Enhanced reductive degradation of carbon tetrachloride by carbon dioxide radical anion-based sodium percarbonate/Fe(II)/formic acid system in aqueous solution

Complete CT degradation was achieved by SPC/Fe(II)/FA system.Formic acid established the reductive circumstance by producing CO₂·^–.CO₂·^– was the dominant active species responsible for CT degradation.CT degradation was favorable in the pH range from 3.0 to 9.0.SPC/Fe(II)/FA system may be suitable for CT remediation in contaminated groundwater.The performance of sodium percarbonate (SPC) activated with ferrous ion (Fe(II)) with the addition of formic acid (FA) to stimulate the degradation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) was investigated. Results showed that CT could be entirely reduced within 15 min in the system at a variety of SPC/Fe(II)/FA/CT molar ratios in experimental level. Scavenging tests indicated that carbon dioxide radical anion (CO2·^–) was the dominant reactive oxygen species responsible for CT degradation. CT degradation rate, to a large extent, increased with increasing dosages of chemical agents and the optimal molar ratio of SPC/Fe(II)/FA/CT was set as 60/60/60/1. The initial concentration of CT can hardly affect the CT removal, while CT degradation was favorable in the pH range of 3.0–9.0, but apparently inhibited at pH 12. Cl^– and HCO₃^– of high concentration showed negative impact on CT removal. Cl^– released from CT was detected and the results confirmed nearly complete mineralization of CT. CT degradation was proposed by reductive C-Cl bond splitting. This study demonstrated that SPC activated with Fe(II) with the addition of FA may be promising technique for CT remediation in contaminated groundwater.     

不同气候带退耕还林对区域气温的影响差异分析

退耕还林改变陆表覆盖状况,导致碳收支和地表能量平衡变化,从而影响区域气温。论文通过定量估算耕地转为林地导致生态系统吸收大气CO₂和地表能量平衡的变化,分析21世纪初10 a中国不同气候区开展退耕还林对区域气候调节的影响差异。结果表明：1）仅考虑碳调节,各气候区退耕还林皆表现为241.6~470.2 Mg CO₂-eq hm^-2的碳蓄积过程,具有2.2~16.5 Mg CO₂-eq hm^-2的碳汇作用即致冷效应,特别是亚热带湿润区。2）仅考虑地表能量平衡,中温带干旱与半干旱区退耕还林引起的净辐射增加程度大于潜热通量的增加程度,因此地表对大气供热表现为增温效应;而亚热带湿润区退耕还林引起净辐射减少及潜热通量增加,青藏高原、中温带湿润区净辐射增加程度小于潜热通量的增加程度,因此地表对大气供热皆表现为致冷效应。3）同时考虑碳调节和地表能量收支,中国亚热带湿润区退耕还林的致冷效应是仅考虑碳调节致冷效应的1.25~1.45倍,而中温带干旱区退耕还林的致冷效应则为仅考虑碳调节效应的近一半。     

Storage and metabolism of radioactively labeled pyrrolizidine alkaloids by butterflies and larvae of Mechanitis polymnia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae,Ithomiinae)

Summary. Tracer feeding studies with radioactively labeled pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) were performed to attain experimental information about the specificity and mechanisms of uptake, metabolism and storage of PAs in the alkaloid sequestering ithomiine butterfly Mechanitis polymnia. Adult butterflies easily ingest the tracers offered dissolved in a saturated sugar solution. Feeding of [¹⁴C]rinderine (free base) confirmed that M. polymnia is well adapted to sequester and maintain PAs of the lycopsamine type. Approximately 80% of the ingested radioactivity can be recovered in methanol extracts of the butterflies over a period of at least 6 hours. Labeled rinderine is efficiently N-oxidized and transformed into a metabolite of still unknown structure. These two metabolites are formed in almost equal amounts and account for more than 90% of total radioactivity. After four hours the toxic free base is only detectable in traces. Radioactively labeled senecioylretronecine (free base), a PA that often accompanies PAs of the lycopsamine type in plants, is metabolized in a different manner. The toxic free base disappeared as fast as the tertiary rinderine, but the final products which accumulated in a stable ratio after 12 hours were mainly two polar metabolites of unknown structure; senecioylretronecine N-oxide accounts for less than 10% of total PAs. Labeled senecionine a macrocyclic PA, which never has been found in wild caught M. polymnia is only slowly N-oxidized. In females ca 50% of the ingested senecionine is still present as free base after 24 hours, whereas under the same conditions in males this percentage is only ca 20%. This difference in N-oxidation was the only significant sex-specific difference observed in various experiments. Larvae of M. polymnia which feed on Solanum tabacifolium, a plant that does not contain PAs, are able to sequester and partly N-oxidize labeled senecioylretronecine and senecionine. However, the storage is not very efficient; with the two tracers less than 5% of radioactivity remained in the bodies after 24 hours. Received 19 October 1999; accepted 24 November 1999     

How important are uncertainty and dynamics for environmental and climate policy? Some analytics

We introduce ten papers on sustainable resource dynamics. In addition, we provide analytical results on the effect of stochastic damages on optimal economic growth, the effects of habits and loss aversion on the cost-benefit discount rate, and the effect of a carbon budget and carbon capture and storage (CCS) on optimal investment in technical change.     

不同有机碳源对小球藻的生长与产油量的影响

该研究探讨了葡萄糖和乙酸钠两种碳源对小球藻（Chlorella protothecoides）的生长与产油量的影响,并对小球藻在两种碳源混合培养下的生长与产油情况进行了分析.研究结果表明,葡萄糖和乙酸钠的浓度对小球藻的生物量和产油量都有较大的影响,最优的浓度分别为15 g/L和20.5 g/L.相对于以葡萄糖为碳源的小球藻,以乙酸钠为碳源的小球藻的生物量与含油量均较低.在混合培养条件下,葡萄糖最先被小球藻吸收利用.图5,表1,参8.     

混凝土徐变对碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁的挠度影响

根据混凝土徐变规律,推导CFRP加固钢筋混凝土梁的徐变计算公式,分析混凝土徐变对CFRP加固钢筋混凝土梁中和轴的影响,建立CFRP加固钢筋混凝土梁的挠度计算模型;通过实例分析、验证计算模型的有效性,研究成果可供碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土结构设计参考。     

我国工业行业的产业升级与碳排放关系分析

文章首先测算了我国工业各行业近十几年来的碳排放量,并总结了我国工业行业碳排放的特征,进而运用灰色关联度方法分析了我国工业行业碳排放量与产业发展之间的关系。研究结果表明：产业产值与碳排放之间存在着密切联系。通过测算工业各行业单位GDP碳排放量的变化,分析了工业行业产业结构与碳排放的关系,最后文章针对上述研究结果提出了减少碳排放的政策建议,以为我国发展低碳经济服务。     

环境空气有组织排放H_2S和CS_2污染源的排查

采用调查和多种检测方法对有组织排放的空气恶臭的物质进行定性分析和定量监测,以证实和确认污染源。在走访受害居民和工业污染源调查的基础上,使用三点比较式嗅袋法、分光光度法、主动式吸附管热解析/GC/MS和不锈钢采样罐/GC/MS法检测空气恶臭的物质的种类和含量,并且通过自动监测仪器长期定点观测污染发生时和消除污染源后空气恶臭的物质含量的变化。结果表明,导致空气恶臭的物质为H2S和CS2,其中CS2为污染源的特征物质,相同时间和地点空气中H2S和CS2的质量浓度相关系数为0.84;污染源下风向空气中H2S含量高,年平均值为0.084mg/m3;不在下风向的空气H2S含量低;清除污染源后其下风向空气中H2S年平均值为0.008 mg/m3,空气不再恶臭。该排查方法为监控有组织排放恶臭的污染源提供了经验和实例。     

松嫩平原玉米带农田表层土壤有机碳储量和固碳潜力研究

农田土壤有机碳储量和固碳潜力是陆地碳循环和全球气候变化研究中的一个重要问题。论文基于第二次土壤普查数据和实地取样数据,利用土壤类型法估算松嫩平原玉米带农田表层土壤有机碳储量,分析4个县市(德惠市、九台市、农安县、公主岭市)农田表层土壤碳库的饱和水平和固碳潜力,比较旱田与水田土壤固碳潜力的差异。结果表明,1980-2005年间,松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳储量增加了7.20 TgC。各县市农田土壤碳库的饱和水平以德惠市最大,为4.11 kgC·m^-2,九台市次之,公主岭市最低,为3.14 kgC·m^-2。假设在1980年土地利用方式、耕作措施、施肥水平和气候条件不变的情况下,估算得到松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤的固碳潜力为8.17 TgC。从单位面积固碳潜力看,九台市最高,为0.77 kgC·m^-2,农安县次之,德惠市和公主岭市均低于松嫩平原玉米带。松嫩平原玉米带旱田和水田土壤碳库的饱和水平基本持平。     

湖南省稻田表层土壤固碳潜力模拟研究

稻田土壤有机碳的储存对于缓解大气温室效应具有不可忽视的作用。我国作为水稻产量最大的国家,迫切需要掌握稻田生态系统固碳现状及相应固碳措施。文章利用自主建立的土壤有机碳模型对湖南省稻田生态系统不同有机物投入方式下土壤有机碳的变化进行了模拟研究。结果表明,常规施肥(现状)方式下稻田表层土壤有机碳的饱和固碳量为39.75～64.90th/m₂,半数模拟点已基本饱和,其余点仍具有3.38～4.19th/m₂的固碳潜力;50%秸秆还田效果低于常规施肥方式,而50%秸秆+绿肥效果高于常规方式(平均高10.94th/m₂);全量秸秆还田(冬闲)情况下稻田表层土壤饱和固碳量在55.57～94.25th/m₂之间,与稻田现有碳储量比较有4.15～33.46th/m₂的潜在提高幅度。如果全量秸秆还田结合冬季种植绿肥,土壤饱和固碳量则可以在稻田土壤现有碳储量的基础上平均提高65.77%。模拟结果还表明,湖南稻田土壤中,每年投入1th/m₂的新鲜有机碳可最终形成土壤有机碳饱和固碳量约12th/m₂。研究表明,稻田土壤的饱和固碳量可以通过人为措施进行调控,增加有机物质的投入量(秸秆还田)和冬季绿肥种植是提高稻田土壤固碳能力的有效途径。