三江平原典型环型湿地主要植物群落枯落物的热值变化

研究了小叶章(Calamag rostis angustifolia)、毛果苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)和漂筏苔草(Carex pseudocuraica)群落枯落物在1个生长季内的分解热值变化特征,并初步探讨其影响因素。环型湿地3种植物群落由于各自的微环境不同致使其枯落物热值变化有所差异。6月至10月,小叶章群落枯落物热值呈现逐渐下降趋势,而毛果苔草群落和漂筏苔草群落由于所处环型湿地位置不同而形成不同于小叶章群落的湿地水热条件,从而造成其枯落物热值的总体变化趋势是先下降再上升,最后又下降。同时,同一群落不同深度枯落物热值变化也不同。0—10、10—20和20—30 cm土层热值变化相似,而30—40 cm土层热值变化规律不明显。     

鄱阳湖碟形湖泊（常湖池）春季苔草生物量遥感估算

基于Sentinel-2植被指数,应用回归分析法分析了鄱阳湖碟形子湖泊（常湖池）的苔草（Carex）群落生物量与植被指数的关系,并探讨了高程水位和气温变化对其的影响。研究结果表明：（1）10种常用的植被指数中,土壤调节植被指数（Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index,SAVI）是常湖池苔草春季生长中后期（3月22日至5月5日）地上生物量估算的最佳植被指数,SAVI构建的三次多项式是常湖池苔草地上生物量最优遥感估算模型,其均方根误差为73.91 g/m²,预测吻合度为71.90%,苔草生物量分布总体表现为自湖心到湖岸逐渐增加。（2）3月22日（春季苔草生长中期）和5月5日（春季苔草生长后期）苔草的地上总生物量分别为1.06×10⁵ kg和3.28×10⁵ kg,单位面积苔草生物量分别为77.56 g/m²和208.44 g/m²,这与鄱阳湖其他子湖单位面积生物量一般低于300 g/m²相一致。（3）常湖池苔草生长受高程、水位和气温多重要素综合影响。3月底常湖池13.47 m高程（黄海高程,参考星子站水位,下同）以下苔草植株矮小,生物量积累较少;13.47 m高程以上区域受前期低温胁迫,生物量增长缓慢。随着气温回暖,出露区域的苔草生物量逐渐积累,并随高程增加而增长。     

长白山区沟谷乌拉苔草(Carex. meyeriana)沼泽湿地水文物理效应

通过对长白山区沟谷乌拉苔草(C.meyeriana)沼泽湿地和三江平原乌拉苔草沼泽湿地土壤物理性质和乌拉苔草根系生物量的测定,对水文物理效应进行了分析,结果表明:长白山区沟谷乌拉苔草沼泽湿地的土壤孔隙度小于三江平原乌拉苔草沼泽湿地,容重和体积质量则高于三江平原乌拉苔草沼泽湿地。土壤蓄水能力低于三江平原乌拉苔草沼泽湿地;乌拉苔草发达的根系具有强大的蓄水能力,尤以根鞘的蓄水能力最强,蓄水可以占鲜质量的91.1%~93.72%,比根系蓄水能力高出2.54%~33.94%。由此得知乌拉苔草沼泽湿地的具有巨大的蓄水能力,是天然的水调节器。通过分析可知其水文物理过程对沼泽湿地对其上游河流具有调节作用,同时还可以保存上游河流生物多样性,以及严重的影响着水面以下化学过程的发生。     

Iron-rich dune grasslands: Relations between soil organic matter and sorption of Fe and P

Effects of high atmospheric nitrogen-deposition partly depend on availability of phosphate. Lime-poor, but iron-rich dune grasslands are supposedly protected from grass-encroachment, due to P-fixation in iron phosphate. However, in iron-rich Dutch hinterdunes, dunes have low, but dry former beach plains high grass-encroachment. To test whether these zones differ in nutrient availability, and whether this changed with duration of grass-encroachment, we measured net N-mineralization, microbial characteristics and different fractions of P and Fe from pioneer and shortgrass to tallgrass stages approximately 10, 20 and >25 years old. N-mineralization did not differ between zones, but increased in older tallgrass stages in the organic layer. P-availability was significantly lower in the low grass-encroachment zone, with SOM values below 3% and mineral Fe above 40% allowing for P-fixation in iron phosphates. In the high grass-encroachment zone, however, P-availability increased, because SOM increased and Fe became incorporated in organic matter complexes, with more reversible P-sorption.     

Even low to medium nitrogen deposition impacts vegetation of dry, coastal dunes around the Baltic Sea

Coastal dunes around the Baltic Sea have received small amounts of atmospheric nitrogen and are rather pristine ecosystems in this respect. In 19 investigated dune sites the atmospheric wet nitrogen deposition is 3-8 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The nitrogen content of Cladonia portentosa appeared to be a suitable biomonitor of these low to medium deposition levels. Comparison with EMEP-deposition data showed that Cladonia reflects the deposition history of the last 3-6 years. With increasing nitrogen load, we observed a shift from lichen-rich short grass vegetation towards species-poor vegetation dominated by the tall graminoid Carex arenaria. Plant species richness per field site, however, does not decrease directly with these low to medium N deposition loads, but with change in vegetation composition. Critical loads for acidic, dry coastal dunes might be lower than previously thought, in the range of 4-6 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ wet deposition.     

Grazing effects on sustainable semiarid rangeiands in Patagonia: The state and dynamics of the soil seed bank

The composition of the germinable seed bank was studied in four vegetation states of the Festuca pallescens grasslands in semiarid Patagonia during four years. The aim of this study was to test whether above-ground vegetation states resulting from grazing exclusion or different combinations of grazing and topography are reflected in different states of the germinable seed bank. The size of the total and dicot germinable seed bank was positively related to the total cover in each state. Dicots dominated all germinable seed bank states. Carex patagonica increased its cover as well as its germinable seed bank under grazing disturbance. Grazing did not reduce the germinable seed bank of perennial grasses in uplands where the grazing pressure is lower as compared with slopes. In slopes the germinable seed bank of perennial grasses was significantly reduced by grazing. A reduction of the length of the grazing period in late spring increases the germinable seed bank of perennial grasses both in upland and slope. These results are interpreted in the frame of a model of management techniques where grazing exclusion during late spring and late summer increases the seed bank of the perennial grasses and promotes their establishment in uplands. The artificial addition of seeds of perennial grasses and the manipulation of the soil surface in order to increase "safe sites" appear as management alternatives that deserve further evaluation to improve plant reestablishment in slopes.     

三江平原露水资源研究

研究了三江平原露日的变化特征,并对沼泽地毛果苔草(Carexlasiocarpa)群落和大豆地中露水的凝结进行了实地观测。结果表明:三江平原露水出现频率较高的季节是夏秋季(6～9月),露水凝结量最多的月份是9月;近12年来,年露日在66～108d,平均为95.42d;7～9月大豆地地面的露水凝结量明显高于沼泽地地面,而5～6、10月低于沼泽地地面;沼泽地中冠层的露水凝结量最多,地面上的露水量略低于顶层,而大豆地中露水凝结量的垂直差异不明显;2003年沼泽地、大豆地单位土地面积上实际凝结的露水量为20.68、19.46mm,分别占同期降雨量的5.05%、4.75%。露水在一定程度上弥补了干季降雨的不足,是影响水量平衡的重要因子。