玻纤布上胶车间有机溶剂废气净化处理

介绍了工厂有机溶剂废气处理方案和设计及实际运行效果,具有简单经济、净化彻底的特点.     

固定源废气监测工作若干技术问题的探讨

从监测工况、测点位置、采样过程、结果计算等几方面出发，结合实际经验，对大气固定污染源的监测工作中存在的一些疑难问题进行探讨。     

对锅炉烟气处理的技术改造

对锅炉烟气处理工艺进行了改造，运行结果表明，改造后的处理效果明显提高，解决了烟尘及SO2排放浓度的超标问题，实现了达标排放。     

郑州市民运会期间大气PM2.5改善效果评估

利用2019年8月5日至9月30日大气污染物和颗粒物组分在线数据,评估郑州市少数民族运动会空气质量管控效果.根据政府管控措施的实施时间,将研究时期分为管控前(8月5～24日)、管控中(8月25日至9月18日)和解除管控后(9月19～30日).相较管控前,管控中PM_(2.5)平均浓度增加2.3μg·m~(-3),解除管控后PM_(2.5)的浓度增加了11.7μg·m~(-3),解除管控后PM_(2.5)浓度增幅高于管控中,表明管控措施对颗粒物有显著的减排效果.从颗粒物组分来看,研究期间郑州市主要组分依次是有机物、硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根和地壳元素.相比于管控前,管控期间PM_(2.5)组分中有机物和硝酸根占比分别上升3.9%和0.9%,硫酸根、铵根和地壳元素的占比下降了1.1%、 1.9%和2.2%.利用正定矩阵因子分解法解析颗粒物来源,结果表明二次硫酸、二次硝酸、二次有机气溶胶、机动车源、工艺过程源、扬尘和燃煤是PM_(2.5)主要来源.管控对一次源中的扬尘、燃煤和工业效果显著,贡献比分别下降8.3%、 8.2%和8.1%;机动车贡献上升3.8%;二次有机气溶胶和二次硝酸占比上升.结果表明郑州市此次管控对二次前体物氮氧化物和VOCs的减排效果弱于对一次污染物的管控.     

中国江河氧化亚氮的排放及其影响因素

氧化亚氮（N₂O）是一种在大气中存留时间很长的强效温室气体,并被认为是21世纪破坏臭氧层的重要物质之一,气候预测需要对自然与人为排放的包括N₂O在内的温室气体进行全面准确地估算.内陆水体是N₂O的重要排放源,由于人为氮输入的增加,江河N₂O的排放量可能逐年升高.本研究总结了江河N₂O排放速率的研究方法,重点汇总了中国各气候带十大流域江河N₂O的溶存浓度和水气界面交换通量,并与世界其他河流进行比较.结果表明我国江河溶存N₂O浓度为0.3~1591 nmol·L^-1,N₂O释放通量为-12.2~2262.1 μmol·m^-2·d^-1,总体与世界其他江河的范围值具有可比性.在此基础上,进一步分析了江河N₂O的产生和释放机理,探讨了水中溶解性无机氮、溶解氧、有机碳以及水文、地形地貌与气象条件等对江河N₂O产生和释放的影响,并讨论了变化环境下江河N₂O的排放特征.     

聊城冬季一重污染过程PM2.5污染特征及成因分析

北方秋冬季为重污染过程频发季节,为了解聊城市冬季重污染过程中PM_(2.5)及化学组分污染特征,于2016年1月7~11日在聊城市区开展PM_(2.5)样品采集并分析了其中水溶性离子、碳成分及无机金属元素这3种化学组分,并对污染特征及成因进行了分析.结果表明,此次污染过程PM_(2.5)浓度呈现明显的倒V字型,平均浓度为238.3μg·m~(-3),超过国家环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)二级浓度限值2.2倍;NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为PM_(2.5)的主要水溶性离子成分;随污染加重或减轻,NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl-和Mg~(2+)浓度呈现增加或降低趋势,而Ca~(2+)变化趋势与之相反.污染鼎盛时,NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)浓度分别为48.96、68.45和80.55μg·m~(-3),达到起始阶段的6.29、7.31和7.84倍;过程期间OC和EC的浓度为20.8~60.2μg·m~(-3)和3.0~7.5μg·m~(-3),OC浓度高于EC且变化幅度明显偏大;过程期间各日无机金属元素浓度和分别为10.2、22.4、16.0、19.6和8.2μg·m~(-3),富集因子(EF)结果显示,各元素EF均小于10,未被富集,表明污染过程中其主要来源于地壳等自然源;PM_(2.5)质量浓度重构结果表明,有机物(OM)、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-为PM_(2.5)的主要组分,其次为NH_4~+、地壳物质和其他离子,EC和微量元素含量相对较低.随着PM_(2.5)污染加重,二次无机盐(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-及NH_4~+)浓度及所占比例均随之增加,OM浓度随之增加但比例有所下降,而地壳物质浓度及比例均下降,表明二次无机转化是此次污染过程的主要原因,主要受燃煤和机动车排放影响.     

Phytotoxicity and groundwater impacts of leaching from thermal treatment residues in roadways

The use of coal fly ash (CFA), municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) and flue gas desulfurization residue (FGDR) in road construction has become very common owing to its economical advantages. However, these residues may contain toxic constituents that pose an environmental risk if they leach out and flow through the soil, surface water and groundwater. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the ecotoxicity and groundwater impact of these residues before decisions can be made regarding their utilization for road construction. In this study, the physico-chemical characteristics, leaching and phytotoxicity of these residues were investigated. Specifically, multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the contributions of the leaching constituents of the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR leachates to the germination index of wheat seeds. B, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb were found to be more toxic to the wheat seeds than the other heavy metals. Furthermore, the leached concentrations of the constituents from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR were below the regulatory threshold limits of the Chinese identification standard for hazardous wastes. Analyses conducted using a numerical groundwater model (WiscLEACH) indicated that the predicted field concentrations of metals from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR increased with time up to about 30 years at the point of compliance, then decreased with time and distance. Overall, this study demonstrated that the risks resulting from MSWIBA, CFA and FGDR leaching could be assessed before its utilization for road construction, providing crucial information for the adoption of these alternative materials.     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

MIL-101高效吸附测定土壤气中三氯乙烯及健康风险评估

为研究基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算风险值与Johnson-Ettinger联合Dual-Equilibrium Desorption（JE-DED）模型和J&E模型计算风险值的差异,在MIL-101、UIO-66、ZIF-8和MOF-801金属-有机骨架（MOFs）材料,球形活性炭、膨胀石墨碳吸附材料及HiSiv1000和HiSiv3000分子筛等3类8种吸附剂中筛选出吸附效率较高的MIL-101 MOF材料用以吸附并测定土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）,并将基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值与J&E模型和JE-DED模型计算的风险值进行比较.结果表明:①对于北京潮土和黑龙江黑土,J&E模型计算的风险值比基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值高2个数量级.②对于w（有机碳）较低的北京潮土,基于JE-DED模型计算的风险值比基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值高1个数量级,但比基于J&E模型计算的风险值低1个数量级,表明JE-DED模型预测结果更接近实际情况,但仍偏保守.③w（有机碳）较高的黑龙江黑土,JE-DED模型计算的风险值与基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值更接近,JE-DED模型可以比较准确地预测三氯乙烯的风险值.研究显示,采用土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）实测值和JE-DED模型进行风险评价在一定程度上可以避免J&E计算过于保守的问题,可以更加真实客观地反映场地污染程度而避免过度修复产生资源浪费.      

基于IVE模型和大数据分析的杭州市道路移动源主要温室气体排放清单研究

利用IVE模型和对杭州市机动车排放管理数据库大数据的分析,得到杭州市2015年各类机动车主要温室气体高分辨率排放清单,分析了排放分担情况及时间变化特征,并利用Arc GIS及杭州市路网信息建立了1 km×1 km网格化空间分布.结果表明,杭州市道路移动源温室气体排放中CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的年排放量分别为818.11×10~4、0.85×10~4和0.07×10~4t,合计856.79×10~4t(以CO2当量计).从温室气体种类来看,CO_2占道路移动源温室气体排放总量的绝大部分,为95.5%;从机动车类型来看,小微型客车对道路移动源温室气体排放的贡献率最大,占72.8%;从道路类型的排放情况来看,杭州市市中心、城区、城郊和郊区中温室气体合计CO_2当量贡献率最高的均为主干路,分别为43.4%、61.8%、58.0%和42.4%.杭州市道路移动源温室气体排放强度均呈现由城市中心向城市边缘递减的趋势,同时温室气体排放量日变化特征明显,均出现弱双峰现象.