开发区工业用水量预测方法研究

本文阐述了开发区环境影响评价过程中开发区工业用水量预测的重要性及存在的问题,采用综合指标法和行业用水系数法分别计算了某开发区的现状用水量和规划期间的用水量,行业用水系数法的预测结果与现状吻合较好。对比分析了两种方法的依据、原理及优缺点,行业用水系数法的依据数据更新快,方法适应性好,且逐渐得到认可,推荐采用行业用水系数法进行开发区工业用水量的预测。     

工业园区土地集约利用评价探讨——以重庆经济技术开发区为例

以科学发展观为指导,对工业园区土地集约利用评价的内涵进行了探索,构建了一套工业园区土地集约利用评价的指标体系,采用协调度模型对工业园区发展现状与理想规划目标值间的协调度进行了测算,并对工业园区土地集约利用状况进行了评价。同时,以重庆经济技术开发区为实证,进行了土地集约利用评价,对提高重庆经济技术开发区土地集约利用水平提出了建议。     

Effects of Cadmium (CdCl2) on development and hatching of eggs in European squid (Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798) (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)

This is the first study related to the effects of cadmium (Cd) on the development and hatching of eggs of Loligo vulgaris. The eggs were exposed to concentrations varying from 10 to 100,000 μg Cd/l for up to 1 month. During the study period natural sea water salinity (37 PSU), ambient temperature (ranging 16.5–21.5°C) and light conditions of 12-h light: 12-h dark for 744-h were used prior to the hatching. For 96-h, mortality rate of 100% of the eggs was found at cadmium concentration of 100,000 μg Cd/l, and the same mortality rate of the eggs were found at 1,000 and 10,000 μg Cd/l for 744-h and 696-h, respectively. Hatching took place between hours 456 and 576 in the control group and between hours 480 and 576 in 10 and 100 μg Cd/l groups. Total hatching rates were calculated to be 98.2 ± 1.6% for control group, 99.4 ± 0.6% for 10 μg Cd/l group and 98.6 ± 1.2% for 100 μg Cd/l group. Hatching successes were estimated as 69.5 ± 13.8% for control group, 84.5 ± 8.2% for 10 μg Cd/l group and 76.9 ± 5.9% for 100 μg Cd/l group. In the 100,000 μg Cd/l treatment, the egg degeneration began from animal pole of the eggs in 16 h, and 50% and 100% of them died in the initial stage at 72-h and 96-h, respectively. In the 10,000 μg Cd/l group, the eggs which reached at stage 19 (IX) were deformed and 50% and 100% of them died at 312-h and 696-h, respectively. In 1,000 μg Cd/l group, however, the eggs developed abnormally from stage 21 (X–XI) and reached at stage 29 (XIX), and 50% and 100% of them died in 624-h and in 744-h, respectively. There were significant differences in survival rates of the eggs among the concentrations (p < 0.05). The current study demonstrated that Cd adversely affects the development, survival and hatching of L. vulgaris eggs; however, no mortality was observed in 10 μg Cd/l and 100 μg Cd/l groups.     

Selective removal of heavy metals from metal-bearing wastewater in a cascade line reactor

Goal, Scope and Background This paper is a part of the research work on ‘Integrated treatment of industrial wastes towards prevention of regional water resources contamination — INTREAT’ the project. It addresses the environmental pollution problems associated with solid and liquid waste/effluents produced by sulfide ore mining and metallurgical activities in the Copper Mining and Smelting Complex Bor (RTB-BOR), Serbia. However, since the minimum solubility for the different metals usually found in the polluted water occurs at different pH values and the hydroxide precipitates are amphoteric in nature, selective removal of mixed metals could be achieved as the multiple stage precipitation. For this reason, acid mine water had to be treated in multiple stages in a continuous precipitation system-cascade line reactor. Materials and Methods All experiments were performed using synthetic metal-bearing effluent with chemical a composition similar to the effluent from open pit, Copper Mining and Smelting Complex Bor (RTB-BOR). That effluent is characterized by low pH (1.78) due to the content of sulfuric acid and heavy metals, such as Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, Zn with concentrations of 76.680, 26.130, 0.113, 11.490, 1.020 mg/dm³, respectively. The cascade line reactor is equipped with the following components: for feeding of effluents, for injection of the precipitation agent, for pH measurements and control, and for removal of the process gases. The precipitation agent was 1M NaOH. In each of the three reactors, a changing of pH and temperature was observed. In order to verify efficiency of heavy metals removal, chemical analyses of samples taken at different pH was done using AES-ICP. Results Consumption of NaOH in reactors was 370 cm³, 40 cm³ and 80 cm³, respectively. Total time of the experiment was 4 h including feeding of the first reactor. The time necessary to achieve the defined pH value was 25 min for the first reactor and 13 min for both second and third reactors. Taking into account the complete process in the cascade line reactor, the difference between maximum and minimum temperature was as low as 6°C. The quantity of solid residue in reactors respectively was 0.62 g, 2.05 g and 3.91 g. In the case of copper, minimum achieved concentration was 0.62 mg/dm³ at pH = 10.4. At pH = 4.50 content of iron has rapidly decreased to < 0.1 mg/dm³ and maintained constant at all higher pH values. That means that precipitation has already ended at pH=4.5 and maximum efficiency of iron removal was 99.53%. The concentration of manganese was minimum at pH value of 11.0. Minimum obtained concentration of Zn was 2.18 mg/dm³ at a pH value of 11. If pH value is higher than 11, Zn can be re-dissolved. The maximum efficiency of Ni removal reached 76.30% at a pH value of 10.4. Discussion Obtained results show that efficiency of copper, iron and manganese removal is very satisfactory (higher than 90%). The obtained efficiency of Zn and Ni removal is lower (72.30% and 76.31%, respectively). The treated effluent met discharge water standard according to The Council Directive 76/464/EEC on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances into the aquatic environment of the Community. Maximum changing of temperature during the whole process was 6°C. Conclusion This technology, which was based on inducing chemical precipitation of heavy metals is viable for selective removal of heavy metals from metal-bearing effluents in three reactor systems in a cascade line. Recommendations and Perspectives The worldwide increasing concern for the environment and guidelines regarding effluent discharge make their treatment necessary for safe discharge in water receivers. In the case where the effluents contain valuable metals, there is also an additional economic interest to recover these metals and to recycle them as secondary raw materials in different production routes. ESS-Submission Editor: PhD Hailong Wang, hailong.wang@ensisjv.com     

Isolated Ficus trees deliver dual conservation and development benefits in a rural landscape

Many of the world’s rural populations are dependent on the local provision of economically and medicinally important plant resources. However, increasing land-use intensity is depleting these resources, reducing human welfare, and thereby constraining development. Here we investigate a low cost strategy to manage the availability of valuable plant resources, facilitated by the use of isolated Ficus trees as restoration nuclei. We surveyed the plants growing under 207 isolated trees in Assam, India, and categorized them according to their local human-uses. We found that Ficus trees were associated with double the density of important high-grade timber, firewood, human food, livestock fodder, and medicinal plants compared to non-Ficus trees. Management practices were also important in determining the density of valuable plants, with grazing pressure and land-use intensity significantly affecting densities in most categories. Community management practices that conserve isolated Ficus trees, and restrict livestock grazing and high-intensity land-use in their vicinity, can promote plant growth and the provision of important local resources.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0645-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

养猪业清洁生产途径与循环经济发展模式探讨

近年来,我国养猪业发展迅速,农村经济增长较快,农民收入和生活水平明显提高。同时,养猪业产生的猪粪便污染日趋严重,已严重影响当地居民生产生活和身体健康。为了彻底消除农村养猪场猪粪便污水和臭味污染,改善农村环境质量,促进农业经济发展,总结了长期从事清洁生产和循环经济发展研究的实践经验,提出了养猪业清洁生产途径和循环经济发展模式,意在从源头预防控制污染,大力推进养猪业清洁生产与农村经济可循环持续发展,并供关心我国养猪清洁生产与循环经济发展的同行借鉴参考。     

海岸带可持续发展评价研究——以中国沿海七城市为例

根据"压力-状态-响应"模型建立了海岸带可持续发展指标体系,并运用层次分析法综合评价了上海等七个沿海城市的可持续发展水平。     

林业资源开发与利用的现状与对策分析

在生态系统中,森林是重要的组成成分之一,在社会、经济以及人类不断发展的时代背景下,林业资源因过度的开发而受到了破坏。从现下的实际情况看来,这种现象对人们的生活并没有带来太大的影响,但是,对子孙后代却造成了无法挽回的损失,因此,需要林业部门加大对林业资源的保护以及开发利用力度,以此来确保林业资源的最大化使用,严禁出现过度开采以及浪费资源的现象。鉴于此,本文就林业资源开发与利用的现状与对策展开探讨,以期为相关工作起到参考作用。     

乡村土地开发利用过程中的环境保护问题

为进一步强化中国土地开发利用效率,谋求中国土地开发利用的久远发展,本文就土地开发利用中容易产生的生态问题进行研究,根据研究结果给予有效的应对措施,以此有效推动乡村土地开发利用。     

基于环境评价的角度解读环保工程发展态势

为推动我国绿色、稳定、可持续化发展,我国对环境保护工程越来越重视,企业、人们也逐渐认识到环境保护的重要作用。环境评价作为环保工程的重要技术环节,是解决环保工程不足,推动环保工程发展的重要技术。本文从环境评价的角度,解读了企业、政府、社会应当如何推动环保工程的发展。