一种事故隐患等级定量划分方法

事故隐患管理是安全管理中重要的内容之一,但目前隐患的分级标准尚处于主观判断阶段,无可行的分级方法。为了进一步明确事故隐患的分类方法,本文基于轨迹交叉理论,分析了事故发生发展的机理过程,将事故隐患分为直接因素导致的事故隐患和间接因素导致的事故隐患,进一步明确了事故隐患的定义。根据事故隐患的定义建立了"隐患危害程度"和"整改难易程度"两个事故隐患等级评判因素。采用事故树分析方法和LEC分析方法,分别分析两个评判因素的大小,再次运用事故树分析方法进行综合评判,建立一种事故隐患等级定量划分方法,最终达到对事故隐患定量分级的目的。     

基于事故树和模糊层次分析法的飞机火灾事故分析

为了解决飞机火灾事故易发问题、降低事故发生率,以巡航过程中客机发生火灾事故为情境,提出事故树分析法和模糊层次分析法相结合的研究方法。绘制树形图研究人为、机械、环境和管理等方面导致飞机火灾事故发生的途径,构建飞机火灾事故指标体系,结构重要度对指标赋值得出权重值顺序,结果表明:安检和安全培训对飞机火灾事故发生影响最大,空气影响次之,机械故障影响最小。因此,最有效的飞机火灾事故预防途径应从可燃物控制方面着手。     

地铁深基坑坍塌事故安全风险分析

为了降低和控制地铁深基坑施工风险,避免在施工过程中造成深基坑坍塌事故,以重庆市某地铁站深基坑开挖为例,进行了深基坑开挖风险评估。建立了深基坑坍塌事故导致人员伤亡的事故树模型,再通过事故树建立层次结构模型,将事故树的结构重要度转化为层次分析法中的判别因子,结合层次分析法的权重计算及排序,对深基坑坍塌事故的致灾因素进行了定性识别和定量分析。结果表明,施工地质条件复杂、设计方案不合理、勘察资料有误等事件为主要致灾因素。在地铁深基坑施工过程中应做好动态监测及日常管理工作,保证勘察设计的准确性与可行性。改进后的模型可为企业施工管理提供理论指导。     

青藏高原路侧土壤重金属含量分布规律及影响因素研究

以青藏高原G214、S308和G109国(省)道的部分路段为研究对象,采集了这3个路段不同位置处距路侧不同距离的100个表层土壤样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了各样品中重金属元素Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的含量.同时,用非线性回归法拟合了Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb元素含量随距路侧距离变化的曲线,并用CHAID决策树分析法分析了影响路侧土壤Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb元素含量的主导因素.结果表明:3个研究路段路侧土壤重金属平均含量均超过土壤背景值,已产生一定的富集;Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb 4种重金属元素含量随距路侧距离的增加均呈指数型下降趋势;影响研究路段重金属含量的主导因素因不同的元素各异,影响Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量的主导因素分别为海拔、土壤类型、车流量和路侧距离.     

基于树木地貌法重建山洪泥石流历史事件--以北京密云区龙潭沟流域为例

认识区域山洪泥石流活动史是预测未来气候变化背景下灾害发展趋势的基础。利用树轮中的生长干扰信息,可以对未知山洪泥石流历史事件准确定年。本文以北京市密云区龙潭沟流域的曹庄子沟和合峪沟两条泥石流沟为研究对象,利用树木地貌学方法,在已知灾害年基础上获取阔叶树杨树的树轮生长扰动百分比,再重建未知灾害年并进行验证。结果表明:树轮对灾害的响应要滞后一年;2011年曹庄子沟的山洪导致该沟流通区、左岸、右岸和堆积区的树轮生长扰动百分比分别为-30.59%、43.78%、43.47%、-30.44%;2016年曹庄子沟的泥石流导致该沟四个分区的树轮生长扰动百分比分别为-46.08%、-45.15%、-46.64%、-37.32%。根据上述结果,推求并验证了曹庄子沟其他灾害年为2002、2013年,合峪沟灾害年为1997、2002、2011、2013、2016年。研究区1997、2002、2011、2013、2016年的响应树比例分别为35.42%、66.07%、46.43%、32.14%、58.93%,利用响应树比例能够区分灾害严重年份和次严重年份。2010年至今,该流域山洪及泥石流灾害活动频数有所增大,未来该流域再发生山洪泥石流灾害可能性仍较大。     

一些景观树对灾害天气事件的非对称响应

2004-2008年日本山口市的气候呈现出明显变化和波动的特点,突出表现在2004、2006和2007年。夏季极端高温和强台风伴随着无雨和持续的干旱等类似的灾害天气事件诱发了许多乔灌木景观树明显的可视被害症状。用压力室法对北美枫香树叶的观测表明,迎风面和被风面之间叶水势的差异来自于迎风面的叶、枝和树干对被风面的遮挡作用。因为台风或其他灾害天气事件持续地单向袭击树冠的一侧,山口市的一些景观树种迎风面和被风面之间表现出明显的叶面积、树冠面积和SPAD值的差别。灾害天气事件袭击期间的自我遮挡和灾后恢复期间的不平衡生长成为山口市景观树木偏冠的两个主要起因。许多木本植物从末端到基部的脱水特性似乎是它们响应灾害天气事件的一种重要的机制。修枝可以人为地削减蒸腾表面积以维持植株水分平衡,这使它成为一种修复被害树木的重要方式。     

Land Use,Land-Use Change,Forestry, and Agricultural Activities in the Clean Development Mechanism: Estimates of Greenhouse Gas Offset Potential

Activities involving land use, land-use change,forestry, and agriculture (LUCF) can help reducegreenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphereby increasing biotic carbon storage, by decreasing GHGemissions, and by producing biomass as a substitutefor fossil fuels. Potential activities includereducing rates of deforestation, increasing landdevoted to forest plantations, regenerating secondaryforest, agroforestry, improving the management offorests and agricultural areas; and producing energycrops.Policymakers debating the inclusion of a variety ofLUCF activities in the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol need to consider themagnitude of the carbon contribution these activitiescould make. Existing estimates of the cumulative GHGoffset potential of LUCF activities often take aglobal or regional approach. In contrast, land-usedecisions are usually made at the local level anddepend on many factors including productive capacityof the land, financial considerations of thelandowner, and environmental concerns. Estimates ofGHG offset potential made at a local, or at mostcountry, level that incorporate these factors may belower, as well as more useful for policy analyses,than global or large regional estimates. Whilecountry-level estimates exist for forestry activities,similar estimates utilizing local information need tobe generated for agricultural activities and biofuels,as well as for the cumulative potential of all LUCFactivities in a particular location.     

化工安全评价探讨

安全评价在化工行业中占有重要地位。安全评价的方法随着科技的进步也有了长足地发展。本文通过对国内外化工安全评价现状的分析，详细地比较了几种常用。在此基础上，提出一套可行的评价方案，并结合具体项目，运用该方案分析了项目的危险等级，制定了预防措施。     

Integrating selected ecological effects of mixed European beech–Norway spruce stands in bioeconomic modelling

The simplicity of many bioeconomic models has been criticised several times, due to their lack of realism resulting from a deterministic nature and a single-species focus. In this context it was interesting to test the financial sensitivity of bioeconomic modelling against fairly well documented ecological effects in mixed forests. For this purpose our study linked existing results of ecological research with bioeconomic modelling. The presented methodological approach could not only show the importance of considering ecological effects in bioeconomic models; it in fact enabled prioritising ecological research from a financial point of view.In a first step, the possible influence of the tree species mixture on forest stand resistance, productivity and timber quality was derived from existing studies. In a second step, the available Monte Carlo simulations for Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), simulated under site conditions and risks typical of southern Germany, were extended by the mentioned ecological effects and then evaluated from a financial perspective.The results showed a clear influence of all tested ecological effects on the financial indicators, financial risk and return. While testing each ecological effect separately, an increased resistance against wind, snow and insect attacks had the greatest influence on financial risk and return. It over-proportionally enhanced the financial return while simultaneously the financial risk was reduced. In contrast, a degraded timber quality could eliminate the positive effect of risk compensation in mixed forests almost completely. The least influence on the financial indicators finally showed a changed volume growth in mixed forests.A combination of the separately tested ecological effects (increased resistance, changed volume growth and decreased timber quality), between both tree species, underlined the dominating importance of the stand resistance. The integration of ecological effects, induced by interdependent tree species, in our bioeconomic model resulted in significantly lower financial risk than ignoring these effects. Moreover, the financial return of mixed stand variants with a proportion of Norway spruce greater than 60% even exceeded that of the most profitable pure stand.In conclusion this paper clearly confirmed that ignoring ecological effects in bioeconomic models could lead to seriously biased financial results. While a changed volume growth proved rather to be of minor importance for European beech/Norway spruce stands, tree resistance and timber quality may change the financial results significantly.     

系统安全性与可靠性分析的故障树方法

探讨了大型复杂系统安全性与可靠性分析的故障树技术。阐述了国外具有代表性的几种建树方法。针对实际应用情况,提出了将建树过程划分为5个阶段,应遵循的8条基本准則。导出了典型系统可靠度与故障率等可靠性参数计算的通用公式。论述了故障树分析方法的特点及发展动向。