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561.
本文运用安全系统工程方法,对彩钢板活动房火灾事故进行了事故树分析,找出了引起火灾事故发生的各个因素,并提出了预防该类事故发生的相应措施。 相似文献
562.
Recovery plans for species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act are required to specify measurable criteria that can be used to determine when the species can be delisted. For the 642 listed endangered and threatened plant species that have recovery plans, we applied recursive partitioning methods to test whether the number of individuals or populations required for delisting can be predicted on the basis of distributional and biological traits, previous abundance at multiple time steps, or a combination of traits and previous abundances. We also tested listing status (threatened or endangered) and the year the recovery plan was written as predictors of recovery criteria. We analyzed separately recovery criteria that were stated as number of populations and as number of individuals (population‐based and individual‐based criteria, respectively). Previous abundances alone were relatively good predictors of population‐based recovery criteria. Fewer populations, but a greater proportion of historically known populations, were required to delist species that had few populations at listing compared with species that had more populations at listing. Previous abundances were also good predictors of individual‐based delisting criteria when models included both abundances and traits. The physiographic division in which the species occur was also a good predictor of individual‐based criteria. Our results suggest managers are relying on previous abundances and patterns of decline as guidelines for setting recovery criteria. This may be justifiable in that previous abundances inform managers of the effects of both intrinsic traits and extrinsic threats that interact and determine extinction risk. Predicción de Criterios de Recuperación para Especies de Plantas en Peligro y Amenazadas con Base en Abundancias Pasadas y Atributos Biológicos 相似文献
563.
564.
Mechri B Attia F Braham M Elhadj SB Hammami M 《Journal of environmental management》2007,85(4):1088-1093
Olive mill wastewater (OMW), a by-product of the olive-mill industry, is produced in large amounts in Mediterranean countries. The presence of indigenous phosphate deposits in some countries like Tunisia provides an incentive for direct application or local chemical treatment at low cost to improve the solubility of low reactive phosphate rocks (PRs). The use of naturally occurring low-molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) that are present in OMW represents a new perspective in PR research and a possible solution for the recycling of the OMW. The present work was aimed at evaluating, under natural situations (field of olive trees), the effects of agronomic application of OMW (amounts applied: 30, 60 m(3) ha(-1)) with PR (amounts applied: 150 kg ha(-1)) on olive trees soil properties. We measured organic C, nitrogen (N), extractable phosphorus (P), exchangeable calcium (Ca), and exchangeable potassium (K), as well as other properties (pH and electrical conductivity). Our data provide evidence that agronomic application of OMW with PR has important effects on soil properties. Increases in organic C, total N, extractable P and exchangeable potassium (K) were found after the first agronomic application of OMW and PR. These increases were only temporary, following the second agronomic application of OMW and PR, significant reductions were detected in the extractable soil P (19.67 mg kg(-1) in the control soil vs. 8.99 mg kg(-1) in the amended soil). Changes in the extractable soil P could alter plant productivity and plant community structure because shifts in nutriment availability can affect the balance between limiting and non-limiting nutrients. 相似文献
565.
We sampled 41 sites on 34 nonwadeable rivers that represent the types of rivers in Wisconsin, and the kinds and intensities
of nutrient and other anthropogenic stressors upon each river type. Sites covered much of United States Environmental Protection
Agency national nutrient ecoregions VII—Mostly Glaciated Dairy Region, and VIII—Nutrient Poor, Largely Glaciated upper Midwest.
Fish, macroinvertebrates, and three categories of environmental variables including nutrients, other water chemistry, and
watershed features were collected using standard protocols. We summarized fish assemblages by index of biotic integrity (IBI)
and its 10 component measures, and macroinvertebrates by 2 organic pollution tolerance and 12 proportional richness measures.
All biotic and environmental variables represented a wide range of conditions, with biotic measures ranging from poor to excellent
status, despite nutrient concentrations being consistently higher than reference concentrations reported for the regions.
Regression tree analyses of nutrients on a suite of biotic measures identified breakpoints in total phosphorus (~0.06 mg/l)
and total nitrogen (~0.64 mg/l) concentrations at which biotic assemblages were consistently impaired. Redundancy analyses
(RDA) were used to identify the most important variables within each of the three environmental variable categories, which
were then used to determine the relative influence of each variable category on the biota. Nutrient measures, suspended chlorophyll
a, water clarity, and watershed land cover type (forest or row-crop agriculture) were the most important variables and they
explained significant amounts of variation within the macroinvertebrate (R
2
= 60.6%) and fish (R
2
= 43.6%) assemblages. The environmental variables selected in the macroinvertebrate model were correlated to such an extent
that partial RDA analyses could not attribute variation explained to individual environmental categories, assigning 89% of
the explained variation to interactions among the categories. In contrast, partial RDA attributed much of the explained variation
to the nutrient (25%) and other water chemistry (38%) categories for the fish model. Our analyses suggest that it would be
beneficial to develop criteria based upon a suite of biotic and nutrient variables simultaneously to deem waters as not meeting
their designated uses. 相似文献
566.
567.
为预防养老院火灾事故,结合事故树法(FTA)和贝叶斯网络法(BN),建立了一套养老院火灾风险定量评估模型。首先,采用事故树法建立潜在的养老院火灾事故场景;其次,考虑到养老院火灾事故场景中不确定因素的影响,将事故树模型转化为贝叶斯网络模型,并结合有人员伤亡的养老院火灾事故发生发展实际优化模型;最后,以某市养老院为例,结合调研、文献及统计数据确定先验概率及条件概率,并用GENIE 2.0软件实现贝叶斯图形化,分析验证该模型逻辑可行性。结果表明:通过该模型和方法,不仅可以预测养老院火灾事故中各场景发生发展概率,还能对各风险因素敏感度和最大致因链进行分析,提高了风险因素辨识和评价的准确性,可以为养老院火灾风险分析和防控提供参考。 相似文献
568.
569.
Designing a conservation reserve network with minimal fragmentation: A linear integer programming approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the biological conservation literature, the optimum reserve site selection problem has often been addressed by using the
prototype set covering and maximal covering formulations, assuming that representation of species is the only criterion in
site selection. This approach usually results in a small but highly fragmented reserve, which is not useful for practical
conservation planning. To improve the chances of species' persistence, it may be desirable to reduce habitat fragmentation.
This paper presents a linear integer programming formulation to minimize spatial gaps between selected sites in a reserve
network, which is applied to a data set on breeding birds.
The authors express their willingness to share the database used in this study. Those readers who wish to have access to the
data may contact Robert A. Briers at r.briers@napier.ac.uk. 相似文献
570.
首先从理论上研究了用可靠性理论进行区域环境质量风险评价需要解决的几个基本问题,在此基础上,构建了环境污染故障树和区域环境质量风险评价的数学模型.这是一种以概率为基础的、新的区域环境质量风险评价模型,对于研究污染型工业系统的环境质量风险具有重要意义. 相似文献