Advances in research on haloalkane dehalogenases and its sulfur mustard degradation function北大核心CSCD

Sulfur Mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulphide, HD), also known as yperite, is one of the most important blister agents. It could react with a large number of biological molecules with a strong cytotoxicity effect, resulting in blistering, erosion and necrosis of the skin and various tissues. Recently, several classes of microbial enzymes have been found to be able to degrade HD with high catalytic activity but no disadvantages of the common chemical decontamination of HD. Haloalkane dehalogenases (HLDs, EC3.8.1.5) draws great research attention for environmentally friendly decontaminating HD with only nontoxic thiodiglycol produced. In order to provide theoretical reference basis for enzymatic decontamination of HD, this paper reviews the observation and evolutionary relationship, structures, substrate specificities, catalytic properties and potential applications of these HLDs with high catalytic hydrolysis of HD. The analysis shows that these HLDs belonging to the same subfamily have different substrate specificities but similar spatial structures of the catalytic triad contributing to the common SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism for catalytic hydrolysis of HD. The paper also suggests that the problems on improving poor stability of HLDs and efficiency of catalytic hydrolysis of HD should be addressed by methods of molecular biology, genetic engineering and immobilized techniques.     

Improved dark ambient degradation of organic pollutants by cerium strontium cobalt perovskite

This work investigates the effect of cerium substation into strontium cobalt perovskites(CeSrCoO) for the oxidative degradation of Orange Ⅱ(OII) in dark ambient conditions without the aid of any external stimulants such as light,heating or chemical additives.The OII degradation rate by CeSrCoO reached 65% in the first hour,whilst for the blank sample without cerium(SrCoO) took over 2 hr to reach the same level of OII degradation.Hence,the cerium substitution improved the catalytic activity of the perovskite material,mainly associated with the Ce_(0.1)Sr_(0.9)CoO_3 perovskite phase.Upon contacting CeSrCoO,the-N=Nazo bonds of the OII molecules broke down resulting in electron donation and the formation of by-products.The electrons are injected into the CeSrCoO and resulted in a redox pair of Co~(3+)/Co~(2+),establishing a bridge for the electron transfer between OII and the catalysts.Concomitantly,the electrons also formed reactive species(·OH) responsible for OII degradation as evidenced by radical trapping experiment.Reactive species were formed via the reaction between 02 and donated electrons from OII with the aid of cobalt redox pair.As the prepared materials dispensed with the need for light irradiation and additional oxidants,it opens a window of environmental applications for treating contaminated wastewaters.     

Enhanced catalytic complete oxidation of 1,2-dichloroethane over mesoporous transition metal-doped γ-Al_2O_3

High-surface-area mesoprous powders of γ-Al2O3 doped with Cu2+, Cr3+, and V3+ions were prepared via a modified sol–gel method and were investigated as catalysts for the oxidation of chlorinated organic compounds. The composites retained high surface areas and pore volumes comparable with those of undoped γ-Al2O3 and the presence of the transition metal ions enhanced their surface acidic properties. The catalytic activity of the prepared catalysts in the oxidation of 1,2-dichloroethane(DCE) was studied in the temperature range of 250–400°C. The catalytic activity and product selectivity were strongly dependent on the presence and the type of dopant ion. While Cu2+- and Cr3+-containing catalysts showed100% conversion at 300°C and 350°C, V3+-containing catalyst showed considerably lower conversion. Furthermore, while the major products of the reactions over γ-alumina were vinyl chloride(C2H3Cl) and hydrogen chloride(HCl) at all temperatures, Cu- and Cr-doped catalysts showed significantly stronger capability for deep oxidation to CO2.     

低浓CH4催化燃烧的研究

制备了陶瓷蜂窝结构贵金属和金属氧化物催化剂,研究了CH_4的氧化活性,其中金属Pd催化剂具有最佳的活性,使用Pd催化剂测定了低浓CH_4燃烧的若干基本参数,获得若干基础性的结果。     

Merits of ozonation and catalytic ozonation pre-treatment in the algal treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents

Since the performance of algal treatment for pulp mill effluent decreases with increasing color intensity and AOX content, which mainly originate from the chlorine bleaching of Kraft pulp, the separated CEH bleaching effluent was pre-treated by both the conventional and the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation processes. An increase in the BOD(5)/COD ratio from 0.11 to 0.28 and 87% color abatement in terms of Pt-Co were achieved by catalytic ozonation, which had the best treatment performance. Biodegradability enhancement of the CEH effluent correlated well with a decrease in toxicity, high-molecular-weight-compound content, and AOX abatement. By the pre-treatment of the CEH bleaching effluent, the overall efficiencies of algal treatment of the combined pulp mill effluent in terms of the fractional removal of COD and color were increased from 76% and 53% to 86-90% and 96-99%, respectively. Effects of both the conventional and the catalytic ozonation pre-treatments on subsequent biological treatment were close to each other and they reduced the filling period of the Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) cycle from 8 to 5 days.     

Hydrogen-rich synthesis gas production from waste wood via gasification and reforming technology for fuel cell application

The purpose of this study was to establish a fuel process for an advanced power generation system in which hydrogen-rich synthesis gas, as the fuel for the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), can be extracted from biomass via gasification and reforming technologies. Experiments on waste wood gasification were performed using a bench-scale gasification system. The main factors influencing hydrogen generation in the noncatalytic process and in the catalytic process were investigated, and temperature was identified as the most important factor. At 950°C, without employing a catalyst, hydrogen-rich synthesis gas containing about 54 vol% hydrogen was extracted from feedstock with appropriately designed operation parameters for the steam/carbon ratio and the equivalence ratio. However, by employing a commercial steam reforming catalyst in the reforming process, similar results were obtained at 750°C.     

Individual and simultaneous degradation of brominated high impact polystyrene and brominated acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and removal of heteroelements (Br,N, and O) from degradation oil by multiphase catalytic systems

Brominated high-impact polystyrene (HIPS-Br), which contained decabromodiphenyl ether flame retardant, and brominated acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS-Br), which contained bromine-containing epoxy-type flame retardant, were degraded at 450°C individually and in a 1/1 mixture by a thermal and catalytic procedure using folded sheet mesoporous (FSM) and ZSM-5 zeolite in liquid phase contact mode. The two polymers produced similar degradation oils but at a higher yield for HIPS-Br. However, the composition and distribution of Br-, N-, and O-containing compounds depended on the type of flame retardant in HIPS-Br and ABS-Br. Multiphase catalytic systems consisting of FSM in liquid phase contact mode and various CaH-, FeO-, CoMo-, and NiMo-based catalysts, or combinations of these catalysts, in vapor phase contact mode were used to decrease the amount of heteroatoms (Br, N, and O) in the degradation oils. Each system gave particular results in terms of mass balance and concentrations of heteroatoms. A FSM (liquid phase contact)/CaHC (vapor phase contact) combination was the best catalytic system to remove Br-, N-, and O-containing compounds from degradation oils.     

采用高压水射流技术清洗炼油催化装置油汽管线

炼油厂催化裂化装置沉降器至分馏塔之间的油气管线,在生产过程中容易结焦而影响装置的正常运转。通过几种方案的分析对比,选择并采用高压水射流技术进行清洗。结合多年的清洗实践,提出了该工况条件下,高压水射流清洗工装的设计设置、清洗装备器材的选配、清洗工艺参数的确定、清洗方案实施的业绩以及清洗作业的安全措施要点。指出了采用高压水射流技术清洗油气管线结焦是行之有效的方法。     

苎麻麻骨水溶物的溶出影响因素及其组成

为探讨生物质材料吸附重金属过程中溶出物的溶出规律及成分,以苎麻麻骨为材料,在实验室模拟其吸附Cd2+废水条件下,考察溶出时间、温度、pH、苎麻麻骨粒径及ρ(Cd2+)对苎麻麻骨水溶物DOC溶出量的影响,通过气相色谱-质谱法对溶出物成分进行鉴定,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TGA)等技术对溶出物溶出前后苎麻麻骨表面物化性质进行了表征. 结果表明:在弱酸性(pH为5)条件下,苎麻麻骨DOC溶出量高于65.90 mg/L. 各因素对DOC溶出量的影响程度不同,以粒径及温度的影响最大,随着粒径由1 mm增至20 mm,DOC溶出量由78.37 mg/L迅速降至60.14 mg/L,降低了18.23 mg/L;升温可促进苎麻麻骨DOC溶出量的增加,随着温度由5 ℃升至55 ℃,DOC溶出量增加了13.63 mg/L. 提取液pH、溶出时间、ρ(Cd2+)对DOC溶出量的增加量分别为5.08、4.60、3.11 mg/L. 溶出物溶出前后苎麻麻骨表面无显著变化,但溶出后的苎麻麻骨表面易溶于水的官能团数量显著减少. 溶出物中鉴定出9类物质(共19种化合物),以酮类和酯类居多,表明苎麻麻骨表面不带电.      

Decreased emission of nitrous oxide from delivery wards—case study in Sweden

The very potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O) is widely used as a mild anaesthetic for mothers in delivery work in Sweden. As a part of the Stockholm County Council environmental program it was decided in 2002 that the emissions should be drastically reduced. Different ways were theoretically evaluated, and catalytic splitting to nitrogen and oxygen gas (N₂ and O₂) was chosen for a demonstration installation. A Japanese commercial unit for treatment of mixed anaesthetic gases (Anesclean® from Showa Denko K.K.) was thoroughly modified and installed at the Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge in Stockholm in 2004. The destruction of N₂O was optimised and studied for 2 years. Data from both collection and destruction are given in the article. Of the collected N₂O more than 95% was split to N₂ and O₂ in the very stable system. The overall emission decrease was mainly dependent on the share that could be collected in the specific exhaustion system as compared to the normal room ventilation. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) were used to evaluate the actual environmental value and economical cost for the process. Important factors are pointed out.