碘量法测定硫化物实验研究

用碘量法测定了污水中的硫化物,实验探讨了加药次序、空白滤纸、滴定终点的判断问题。由实验结果可知:必须严格按照先加入碘标准溶液、再加入硫酸溶液的次序进行处理。空白实验中是否使用滤纸,其结果差异显著。在反应过程中,随着放置时间延长,硫化物测量值会增大。     

染料废水的催化氧化处理

在内电解的基础上,对染料废水进行催化氧化处理,处理二,排放水质达到国家二级排放标准,催化体系的最佳工艺条件为搅拌时间约４０ｍｉｎ,Ｈ２Ｏ２的加入量为每ｍＬ废水０．００５ｍＬ,催化剂的用量为每ｍＬ废水０．００５ｇ,ＰＨ值２．５左右。     

Investigation of suitable precursors for manganese oxide catalysts in ethyl acetate oxidation

The control of ethyl acetate emissions from fermentation and extraction processes in the pharmaceutical industry is of great importance to the environment. We have developed three Mn₂O₃ catalysts by using different Mn precursors (MnCl₂, Mn(CH₃COO)₂, MnSO₄), named as Mn₂O₃-Cl, -Ac, -SO₄. The tested catalytic activity results showed a sequence with Mn precursors as: Mn₂O₃-Cl > Mn₂O₃-Ac > Mn₂O₃-SO₄. The Mn₂O₃-Cl catalyst reached a complete ethyl acetate conversion at 212℃ (75℃ lower than that of Mn₂O₃-SO₄), and this high activity 100% could be maintained high at 212℃ for at least 100 hr. The characterization data about the physical properties of catalysts did not show an obvious correlation between the structure and morphology of Mn₂O₃ catalysts and catalytic performance, neither was the surface area the determining factor for catalytic activity in the ethyl acetate oxidation. Here we firstly found there is a close linear relationship between the catalytic activity and the amount of lattice oxygen species in the ethyl acetate oxidation, indicating that lattice oxygen species were essential for excellent catalytic activity. Through H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) results, we found that the lowest initial reduction temperature over the Mn₂O₃-Cl had stronger oxygen mobility, thus more oxygen species participated in the oxidation reaction, resulting in the highest catalytic performance. With convenient preparation, high efficiency, and stability, Mn₂O₃ prepared with MnCl₂ will be a promising catalyst for removing ethyl acetate in practical application.     

碘离子对次氯酸氧化一价铊动力学影响及机理研究

铊(Tl)是一种在环境水体中广泛存在的痕量重金属,由于其对生物体毒性巨大,国家和地方高度重视铊污染防治,并将其作为优先监测的重金属污染物之一。氧化法是一种常用并且有效的除铊方法,该方法通过将一价铊(Tl (I))预氧化为更容易沉积的三价铊(Tl (Ⅲ))来实现总铊的去除,但容易受到水体中卤素离子的影响。本研究以水处理中常用的次氯酸钠(NaOCl)作为典型氧化剂,通过采用ABTS分光光度法检测生成Tl (Ⅲ)的浓度变化,考察了环境中常见的卤素碘离子对Tl (I)在这种典型氧化过程动力学中的影响,并结合动力学模型对其机理进行了探究。结果表明,在HOCl氧化过程中,碘离子的加入在pH为6.0、7.0和8.0时均表现出了促进Tl (I)氧化的现象,其中碘离子浓度在高于100 μmol/L时才有明显的催化氧化作用,且在100～1 000 μmol/L浓度范围内反应速率随着碘离子浓度升高氧化速率加快。在酸性和中性条件下500 μmol/L碘离子催化HOCl氧化Tl (I)符合假一级动力学过程,且随着pH的升高反应速率常数逐渐降低。推测碘离子的催化氧化作用为碘离子被次氯酸氧化后,产生具有更强氧化性的次碘酸进而继续氧化Tl (I)。本研究探究了在次氯酸氧化Tl (I)过程中,以碘离子为代表的卤素离子的存在对氧化过程的影响,突出了碘离子在影响Tl (I)氧化动力学中的关键作用。这对于完善铊的氧化还原性质以及评估含卤水中铊的去除策略,保障饮用水安全具有重要意义。     

Understanding the electrode reaction process of dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol over Ni/Fe nanoparticles: Effect of pH and 2,4-dichlorophenol concentration

Herein,with the exploitation of iron and nickel electrodes,the 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)dechlorinating processes at the anode and cathode,respectively,were separately studied via various electrochemical techniques(e.g.,Tafel polarization,linear polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy).With this in mind,Ni/Fe nanoparticles were prepared by chemical solution deposition,and utilized to test the dechlorination activities of 2,4-DCP over a bimetallic system.For the iron anode,the results showed that higher 2,4-DCP concentration and solution acidity aggravated the corrosion within the electrode.The charge transfer resistance(R_(ct))values of the iron electrode were 703,473,444,and 437Ω·cm~2 for the initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of0,20,50,and 80 mg/L,respectively.When the bulk pH of the 2,4-DCP solution varied from 3.0,5.0to 7.0,the corresponding R_(ct) values were 315,376,and 444Ω·cm~2,respectively.For the nickel cathode,the reduction current densities on the electrode at-0.75 V(vs.saturated calomel electrode)were 80,106,and 111μA/cm~2,for initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of 40,80,and125 mg/L.The dechlorination experiments demonstrated that when the initial pH of the solution was 7.0,5.0,and 3.0,the dechlorination percentage of 2,4-DCP by Ni/Fe nanoparticles was 62%,69%,and 74%,respectively,which was in line with the electrochemical experiments.10 wt.%Ni loading into Ni/Fe bimetal was affordable and gave a good dechlorination efficiency of 2,4-DCP,and fortunately the Ni/Fe nanoparticles remained comparatively stable in the dechlorination processes at pH 3.0.     

Chemical characteristics of trace metals in PM10 and their concentrated weighted trajectory analysis at Central Delhi, India

Trace metals associated with PM₁₀ aerosols and their variation during day and nighttime as well as during different seasons have been studied for the year 2012. PCA analysis suggested 5 PCs, which accounted for 86.8% cumulative variance. PC1 accounted for 30% with a significant loading of metals of anthropogenic origin, while PC2 showed 28% variance with the loading of metals of crustal origin. These trace metals showed seasonal distinct day and night time characteristics. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cd were found to be higher during nighttime in all the seasons. Only Fe was observed with significantly higher mean concentrations during daytime of all seasons except monsoon. The highest mean values of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb during post-monsoon might be attributed to winds advection over the regions of waste/biomass burning and industrial activities in Punjab and Haryana regions. Furthermore, concentration weighted trajectory analysis suggested that metals of crustal origin were contributed by long-range transport while metals of anthropogenic and industrial activities were contributed by regional/local source regions.     

铜改性MIL-101吸附溶液中碘离子研究

目的提升MIL-101对溶液中放射性碘离子的吸附性能。方法开展铜掺杂改性MIL-101研究。利用SEM,XRD和比表面与孔径分析仪等表征方法对改性前后的材料进行物理性能分析,并考察不同Cu掺杂量、吸附时间和初始碘离子浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果铜改性后吸附率明显增加,掺杂20%的铜时,材料的比表面积最大,吸附效果最佳;吸附速率随时间增大而降低,而吸附率随初始浓度减小而增大。结论铜改性后的MIL-101对溶液中碘离子有更好的吸附效果,其吸附速率和吸附量都有明显的优势。     

碘吸附器的脉冲式氟利昂法泄漏检测技术实验研究

目前,国内核设施碘吸附器的非放射性泄漏检测主要采用连续式氟利昂气体法,在调研并对比国内外该领域应用现状的基础上,开展了碘吸附器的脉冲式氟利昂气体泄漏检测新技术实验研究,通过进行碘吸附器在泄漏、不泄漏、穿透等几种条件下的实验表明,脉冲式泄漏检测方法可以直观地判断碘吸附器的泄漏情况,并能准确计算其机械泄漏率;与连续式方法的对比发现,两种技术在泄漏率的判断上具有一致性,脉冲式氟利昂法的示踪剂用量少,仅为连续式氟利昂法的1/3.     

Non-catalytic and catalytic wet air oxidation of pharmaceuticals in ultra-pure and natural waters

A wet air oxidation (WAO) process was applied to four selected pharmaceuticals (metoprolol, naproxen, amoxicillin, and phenacetin) individually dissolved in ultra-pure water, varying the temperature and oxygen pressure. Due to the moderate (amoxicillin) or low (metoprolol, naproxen, and phenacetin) efficiency found in the oxidation of these pollutants, a catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) process was then tested using a platinum catalyst supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT). In this CWAO process, the pharmaceuticals were dissolved together in ultra-pure water and in four natural water matrices—a reservoir water, a groundwater, and two waters from different municipal wastewater treatment plants. On the basis of the measurements of their removals, a discussion is given of the influence of the main operating variables: the presence or absence of catalyst, type of catalyst (the synthesized Pt/CNT or a commercial Pt/AC), catalyst dosage (0.005–0.050 g), temperature (120–140 °C), and oxygen pressure (20–40 bar). In most experiments, the removals were in the sequence: amoxicillin > naproxen > phenacetin. In addition, total organic carbon (TOC) removal measurements were made of some of the natural waters tested.     

Biogeochemistry of Chinese estuarine and coastal waters: nutrients, trace metals and biomarkers

The dissolved and particulate trace metals in large and middle-sized Chinese rivers remain comparable with other less-disturbed world systems. Levels of nutrients in Chinese rivers are high due to erosion over the drainage area and the application of chemical fertilizers, which induces an N/P ratio up to 100–1,000. The concentrations of organic pollutants in Chinese rivers are ranked at the lower end of those of world systems; however, pollution has been identified in coastal waters from north to south of the country. In estuarine and coastal waters, dissolved trace metals illustrate a feature of remobilization, while non-conservative distribution is observed, with exceptions for iron and aluminum. Particulate trace metals demonstrate a fairly stable distribution along the salinity gradient, when the absolute concentration is normalized to reference materials. In high-turbidity estuaries, seaward nutrient flux can be increased by a factor of 5–10. Finally, the N/P ratio approaches 10–20 at the interior of the East China Sea, indicating that in coastal regions photosynthesis changes from P to N and Si limitations. Electronic Publication