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411.
Modeling uptake kinetics of cadmium by field-grown lettuce 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chen W Li L Chang AC Wu L Kwon SI Bottoms R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(1):147-152
Cadmium uptake by field grown Romaine lettuce treated with P-fertilizers of different Cd levels was investigated over an entire growing season. Results indicated that the rate of Cd uptake at a given time of the season can be satisfactorily described by the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, that is, plant uptake increases as the Cd concentration in soil solution increases, and it gradually approaches a saturation level. However, the rate constant of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics changes over the growing season. Under a given soil Cd level, the cadmium content in plant tissue decreases exponentially with time. To account for the dynamic nature of Cd uptake, a kinetic model integrating the time factor was developed to simulate Cd plant uptake over the growing season: C Plant=C Solution.PUF max.exp[-b.t], where C Plant and C Solution refer to the Cd content in plant tissue and soil solution, respectively, PUF max and b are kinetic constants. 相似文献
412.
Allocation plasticity and plant-metal partitioning: meta-analytical perspectives in phytoremediation
In this meta-analysis of plant growth and metal uptake parameters, we selected 19 studies of heavy metal (HM) phytoremediation to evaluate trends of allocation plasticity and plant-metal partitioning in roots relative to shoots. We calculated indexes of biomass allocation and metal distribution for numerous metals and plant species among four families of interest for phytoremediation purposes (e.g. Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Solanaceae). We determined that plants shift their biomass and distribute metals more to roots than shoots possibly to circumvent the challenges of increasing soil-HM conditions. Although this shift is viewed as a stress-avoidance strategy complementing intrinsic stress-tolerance, our findings indicate that plants express different levels of allocation plasticity and metal partitioning depending on their overall growth strategy and status as ‘fast-grower’ or ‘slow-grower’ species. Accordingly, we propose a conceptual model of allocation plasticity and plant-metal partitioning comparing ‘fast-grower’ and ‘slow-grower’ strategies and outlining applications for remediation practices. 相似文献
413.
X. B. Feng 《International Journal of Green Energy》2016,13(14):1451-1459
This study experimentally investigates lean methane/air premixed combustion in a catalytic zirconia foam burner. The burner is packed with an inert perforated alumina plate at the inlet preheating zone and with catalytic zirconia foams at the combustion zone. Catalytic foams are prepared by using a modified perovskite catalyst (LaMn0.4Co0.6O3), in which the transition metal ion Co is partially substituted by Mn and supported by inert zirconia foam. Results indicate that the flame stability limits of both catalytic and inert burners expand with increasing equivalence ratios. The stable combustion region of the catalytic burner is larger than that of the inert burner. The heterogeneous catalytic combustion effect can decrease and increase the lower and upper flame stability limits, respectively. The central temperatures of the flame fronts are higher in the catalytic burner than in the inert burner. The pressure drops of the catalytic burner are almost equal to those of the inert burner in cold flows but are significantly higher than those in the inert burner in reaction flows. Less amounts of carbon monoxide, nitric oxides, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions are detected in the catalytic burner relative to the inert burner. The thermal radiation efficiencies of the catalytic burner vary between 0.24 and 0.39 and are favorably superior to those of the inert burner, ranging from 0.11 to 0.20. 相似文献
414.
Hugo José Oliveira Zoffoli Carlos Alberto Alves Varella Nelson Moura Brasil do Amaral-Sobrinho Everaldo Zonta Alfredo Tolón-Becerra 《Chemosphere》2013
In environmental monitoring, variables with analytically non-detected values are commonly encountered. For the statistical evaluation of these data, most of the methods that produce a less biased performance require specific computer programs. In this paper, a statistical method based on the median semi-variance (SemiV) is proposed to estimate the position and spread statistics in a dataset with single left-censoring. The performances of the SemiV method and 12 other statistical methods are evaluated using real and complete datasets. The performances of all the methods are influenced by the percentage of censored data. In general, the simple substitution and deletion methods showed biased performance, with exceptions for L/2, Inter and L/√2 methods that can be used with caution under specific conditions. In general, the SemiV method and other parametric methods showed similar performances and were less biased than other methods. The SemiV method is a simple and accurate procedure that can be used in the analysis of datasets with less than 50% of left-censored data. 相似文献
415.
The attenuation of bulk organic matter and trace organic contaminants (TOrCs) was evaluated for various aquifer recharge and recovery (ARR)-ozone (O3) hybrid treatment process combinations using soil-batch reactor and bench-scale ozonation experiments as a proof of concept prior to pilot and/or field studies. In water reclamation and especially potable reuse, refractory bulk organic matter and TOrCs are of potential health concern in recycled waters. In this study, the role of biotransformation of bulk organic matter and TOrCs was investigated considering different simulated treatment combinations, including soil passage (ARR) alone, ARR after ozonation (O3-ARR), and ARR prior to ozonation (ARR-O3). During oxic (aerobic) ARR simulations, soluble microbial-like substances (e.g., higher molecular weight polysaccharides and proteins) were easily removed while (lower molecular weight) humic substances and aromatic organic matter were not efficiently removed. During ARR-ozone treatment simulations, removals of bulk organic matter and TOrCs were rapid and effective compared to ARR alone. A higher reduction of effluent-derived organic matter, including aromatic organic matter and humic substances, was observed in the ARR-O3 hybrid followed by the O3-ARR hybrid. An enhanced attenuation of recalcitrant TOrCs was observed while increasing the ozone dose slightly (O3: DOC = 1). TOrC removal efficiency also increased during the post-ozone treatment combination (i.e., ARR-O3). In addition, the carcinogenic wastewater disinfection byproduct N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was eliminated below the method reporting limit (<5 ng L−1) both during ARR treatment alone and the ARR-ozone hybrid. 相似文献
416.
Tree bark has been shown to be a useful biomonitor of past air quality because it accumulates atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in its outermost structure. Trace element concentrations of tree bark of more than 73 trees allow to elucidate the impact of past atmospheric pollution on the urban environment of the cities of Strasbourg and Kehl in the Rhine Valley. Compared to the upper continental crust (UCC) tree barks are strongly enriched in Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. To assess the degree of pollution of the different sites in the cities, a geoaccumulation index Igeo was applied. Global pollution by V, Ni, Cr, Sb, Sn and Pb was observed in barks sampled close to traffic axes. Cr, Mo, Cd pollution principally occurred in the industrial area. A total geoaccumulation index IGEO-tot was defined; it is based on the total of the investigated elements and allows to evaluate the global pollution of the studied environment by assembling the Igeo indices on a pollution map. 相似文献
417.
Totally 117 cloud/fog water samples were collected at the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m a.s.l.)—the highest mountain in the Northern China Plain. The results were investigated by a combination of techniques including back trajectory model, regional air quality and dust storm models, satellite observations and Principal Component Analysis. Elemental concentrations were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, with stringent quality control measures. Higher elemental concentrations were found at Mt. Tai compared with those reported by other overseas studies. The larger proportions and higher concentrations of toxic elements such as Pb and As in cloud/fog water compared with those in rainwater at Mt. Tai suggests higher potential hazards of cloud/fog water as a source of contamination in polluted areas to the ecosystem. Peak concentrations of trace elements were frequently observed during the onset of cloud/fog events when liquid water contents of cloud/fog water were usually low and large amount of pollutants were accumulated in the ambient air. Inverse relationship between elemental concentrations and liquid water contents were only found in the samples with high electrical conductivities and liquid water contents lower than 0.3 g m−3. Affected mainly by the emissions of steel industries and mining activities, air masses transported from south/southwest of Mt. Tai were frequently associated with higher elemental concentrations. The element Mn is attributed to play an important role in the acidity of cloud/fog water. The composition of cloud/fog water influenced by an Asian dust storm event was reported, which was seldom found in the literature. 相似文献
418.
Yuchen Li Zhen Chen Xiangyu Zhang Kun Yang Lidong Wang Junhua Li 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(5):58
419.
Toledo VE de Almeida Júnior PB Quiterio SL Arbilla G Moreira A Escaleira V Moreira JC 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,139(1-3):49-59
The Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Campus (FIOCRUZ), in a suburban region of the city of Rio de Janeiro, was selected as a case study
to assess the pollution released from vehicle and industrial facilities in Basin III, the most polluted area of the city.
Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and trace metals in airborne particles were determined in an intensive field campaign.
The samplings were performed every six days for 24 h periods, using a PM10 high volume sampler, from September 2004 to August
2005. PM10 mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically and the metals by ICP-OES. For PM10, the arithmetic mean for
the period is 169 ± 42 μg m−3 which is 3.4 times the national recommended standard of 50 μg m−3. Additionally, 51% of the samplings exceeded the recommended 24 h limit of 150 μg m−3. Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Al were the metals that presented the higher concentrations. The correlation matrix gave two main clusters
and three significant principal components (PC). Both PC1 and PC2 are associated to crustal, vehicular and industrial emissions
while PC3 is mainly associated to geological material. Enrichment factors for Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb indicate that for these elements,
anthropic sources prevail over natural inputs. PM10 levels showed a good correlation with hospital admissions for respiratory
diseases in children and elderly people. 相似文献
420.
Geochemistry in the modern soil survey program 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wilson MA Burt R Indorante SJ Jenkins AB Chiaretti JV Ulmer MG Scheyer JM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,139(1-3):151-171
Elemental analysis has played an important role in the characterization of soils since inception of the soil survey in the
US. Recent efforts in analysis of trace and major elements (geochemistry) have provided necessary data to soil survey users
in a variety of areas. The first part of this paper provides a brief overview of elemental sources, forms, mobility, and bioavailability;
critical aspects important to users of soil survey geochemical data for appropriate use and interpretations. Examples are
provided based on data gathered as part of the US soil survey program. The second part addresses the organization of sample
collection in soil survey and how soil surveys are ideally suited as a sampling strategy for soil geochemical studies. Geochemistry
is functional in characterization of soil types, determining soil processes, ecological evaluation, or issues related to soil
quality and health, such as evaluating suitability of soils for urban or agricultural land use. Applications of geochemistry
are on-going across the US and are documented herein. This analytical direction of soil survey complements historic efforts
of the National Cooperative Soil Survey Program and addresses the increasing need of soil survey users for data that assists
in understanding the influence of human activities on soil properties. 相似文献