黄土高原降水的季节性指标及其与作物水分亏缺的关系

黄土高原位于我国东部季风区与西部非季风区之过渡地区,属弱季风区,降水相对较集中。为分析本区降水的时空分布,文中采用矢量合成方法计算了黄土高原296个站的降水季节性指标值及降水季节,前者变化于0.44—0.64 之间,后者集中于7月中、下旬至8月上旬,自东南向西北推迟。降水的季节性指标与降水季节直接影响到作物水分的亏缺量,全区小麦严重缺水100—200mm 不等,玉米缺水30—50mm,而谷子生育期中水分需求基本可以得到满足。最后,讨论了本区降水与土壤水分含量的关系,指出本区水分不足,认为有的作者提出的该区尚有80％的水分潜力没有得到发挥的见解是错误的。     

试论黄淮海地区的自然资源及国家级作物商品基地的建设

根据中国主要农业区--黄淮海地区的自然和社会经济条件,分析了该区小麦、玉米、大豆、棉花等在气候-土壤生态适应性的基础上,采用逐级生产力估算方法,计算出四大作物的商品量,论证了该地区建设为全国性四大作物商品基地的可能性。     

Variations in land requirements for meat production

Production of meat requires substantial amounts of feed grains which in turn require vast amounts of land. Future population growth and increase in consumption will raise the demand for meat and with it the land required for meat production. This paper analyses the various factors that affect land requirements for meat production. Meat production by Dutch broilers, pigs and beef cattle on their current feeds are compared and options for change are evaluated with respect to their nutritional needs. Differences in land requirements of a factor of 3 were found between different agricultural production systems and feeds as well as between types of livestock. It is shown that broilers have the lowest land requirement while beef cattle have the highest. The variation in feed crop yields between agricultural systems is discussed. It is concluded that due to the large variation within the system there is potential for reduction in the land requirements for meat production.     

典型污灌区土壤与作物中重金属健康风险评估

该文选取了国内外9个典型污灌区作为研究对象,分析了重金属在土壤及作物中的污染情况,评价了重金属对人体健康造成的风险.结果表明,总体而言同一灌区重金属在小麦中富集浓度高于玉米.其中超标最严重的是德国柏林（BL）地区的Cd,在玉米和小麦中浓度分别为1.62、7.50mg/kg,分别是WHO/FAO标准的8.1和37.5倍,这和BL灌区土壤中Cd浓度高有关.口食小麦对人体健康造成的风险分别在10^-6~10^-4a^-1之间.致癌性重金属Cd通过口食小麦途径对成人和儿童健康造成的风险分别占总风险的61.75~99.93%、60.78~99.84%.重金属在各种暴露途径下对儿童产生的风险大于成人.BL、津巴布韦的Harare（HR）、墨西哥的Mezquital（MQ）和沈阳珲浦（JP）灌区重金属对成人和儿童健康造成的总风险分别为5.12×10^-5~7.53×10^-4、5.71×10^-5~8.37×10^-4,超出USEPA和ICRP相关规定,其中污染最严重的地区是BL.     

上海地区主要农作物气象灾害评估预测警示系统的研究

主要农作物气象灾害评估预测警示系统网页共有二部分内容：历年灾害动态对比和早涝趋势预测与警示。历年灾害动态对比是对比1991年以后上海地区主要表l作物气象灾害的变化情况。早涝趋势预测是在降水趋势预测基础上，对未来月或农时段降水量进行预测。     

农牧交错区农户作物选择机制研究 ——以内蒙古太仆寺旗为例

市场经济条件下,农户经营不再受食物需求的限制,在种植结构选择方面自由度更大。论文通过农户调查获得数据,运用统计方法从三个方面分析农户作物选择机制:作物本身的投入产出效益、农地地块的差别、农户资源禀赋与家庭特征。研究发现,在劳动力普遍非农务工的背景下,劳动力约束成为农户作物选择的重要影响因素,劳动生产率较高的作物具有明显的比较优势,并且农户倾向于在质量较好的土地上种植这些作物。在农牧交错区,农户种植决策受到养殖业的强烈影响,兼有饲料用途的莜麦得到普遍种植。     

Variation in arthropod abundance in barley under varying sowing regimes

Managing arthropod populations on farmland for conservation purposes, such as food resources for declining farmland birds, requires information on the way distributions vary between crop types, for example under varying sowing regimes. In this study arthropods were sampled during one summer from fields of winter-sown and spring-sown barley. The relative timing of crop development had a strong influence on arthropod abundance between crop types, with winter barley supporting significantly higher abundance of total counts and many individual orders in early summer, but the reverse being the case in late summer. Fields of both crop types that received higher herbicide inputs showed reduced arthropod counts.     

安徽省农作物干旱损失动态评估模型及其试用

利用安徽省78个气象站1971-2005年资料,采用FAO Penman-Monteith模型和一季稻作物系数计算作物需水量,得到针对一季稻的农业干旱指标;在分析了1980年以来一季稻主要发育期变化不大的基础上,利用多年农业气象观测资料,采用詹森乘法作物-水分模型新解法进行一季稻干旱敏感性系数分解,得到一季稻逐旬敏感性系数;建立了基于农业干旱强度、作物敏感性和区域脆弱性的一季稻旱灾损失评估模型。试用结果表明,模型的相对误差大部分为20%～35%,绝对误差为2.9～4.0,基本满足业务应用。由于各地水稻品种不同,抗灾能力也有差异,因此模型误差仍偏大,需进一步修正模型,并加强抗灾能力对减轻灾害损失贡献的研究。     

Feedstock quality and growth of bioenergy crops fertilized with sewage sludge

Sewage sludge is rich in essential plant nutrients, but its use is restricted for crop production due to the pollutants it contains, such as metalloids and heavy metals. Sludge is also very sticky and compact. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to evaluate (1) the impact of various amounts of sludge on bioenergy crop productivity and quality and (2) the use of peat as an adjuvant to reduce the stickiness, density and nutrient richness of the sludge. Three different applications of sludge were examined, high, low (50% of high) and low mixed with an equal volume of peat. The sludge-peat mix increased significantly leaf area and biomass accumulation of maize and hemp. High sludge and sludge-peat mix applications increased significantly the leaf area and biomass accumulation as well as the net photosynthesis of oilseed rape. High sludge application resulted in the highest heavy metal and metalloid accumulation in maize and hemp. Sludge-peat mix resulted in the highest heavy metal and metalloid accumulation in oilseed rape. However, the sludge-peat mix application provided the best feedstock quality in all three crops, since chloride, silicon and sulfur concentrations and ash content in plant material were the lowest of the three sludge treatments.     

秦巴山区水稻油菜配方施肥效益分析

为了解陕南秦巴山区主要农作物水稻、油菜测土配方施肥实施效果,更好地指导农户科学合理施肥。依据2009~2013年连续5 a测土配方施肥试验中主要农作物水稻、油菜3种不同施肥处理(农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥和不施肥处理)的326个试验数据,同时结合连续2 a调查数据,对陕南秦巴山区主要农作物施肥经济效益评价。结果显示,与农民习惯施肥相比,水稻施肥量为:氮(N)159±32 kg/hm~2,磷(P2O5)79±20 kg/hm~2,钾(K2O)86±26 kg/hm~2;油菜:氮(N)154±25 kg/hm~2,磷(P2O5)77±13 kg/hm~2,钾(K2O)65±21 kg/hm~2条件下作物分别增产703、341 kg/hm~2,增产率分别为8.3%和14.9%,纯收益增加0.12万元/hm~2和0.10万元/hm~2。肥料贡献率分别提高了5.2、7.1个百分点;农学效率每kg分别提高了0.5、0.6 kg。农户习惯施肥中作物产量、纯收益、肥料贡献率并未随肥料投入量的增大而增产增收。