建立我国主要农作物卫星遥感估产运行系统的主要技术环节及解决途径

本文结合我国耕地和作物种植特点,并根据“八五”攻关实践,指出了建立我国主要农作物（小麦、玉米、水稻、棉花、大豆）卫星遥感估产运行系统所面临的主要技术环节,即系统的工程化总体设计；卫星遥感估产区划；背景数据库的建立；遥感信息同化技术；不同作物面积提取、长势监测与单产模型；运行系统的建立。进一步提出了系统实现的技术方案、步骤和解决这些主要技术环节的设想,即统一组织实施,避免重复工作；抓住主要农作物主产区遥感估产,以河南、安徽、江苏３省为多种作物综合卫星遥感估产试点省；结合遥感信息同化技术,建立面积提取、长势监测、单产模型体系和相应的软件模块；最终建立全国的卫星遥感估产集成系统。     

Economic effects of CO2 fertilization of crops: transforming changes in yield into changes in supply

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide CO₂ have a beneficial effect on crop production that would tend to offset some of the economic losses that might be generated in some areas by the climatic effects of atmospheric CO₂ and other greenhouse gases. Previous estimates of the economic benefits of CO₂ fertilization on world crop production, however, were based on the assumption that percent changes in supply are equal to percent changes in yield. This assumption is not valid, however, because it confounds changes in supply with changes in quantity supplied. This error leads to an overestimation of the real economic benefits of CO₂ fertilization by 61–166%. The effects of CO₂ fertilization on crop production, therefore, will reduce some of the potential damages caused by the climatic impacts of greenhouse gases, but by significantly less than that indicated in earlier research.     

稻麦作物净初级生产力模型研究:模型检验与情景预测

利用我国若干代表性区域98组稻麦作物生产力的试验数据,对所建立的稻麦作物净初级生产力模型进行了检验.结果表明,该模型能根据常规的气象和土壤资料、化肥施用量等数据资料较好地模拟我国主要区域稻麦作物的净初级生产力.模拟值(y)与观测值(x)的线性关系为:y=1.05p-16.8(r²=0.771,p<0.001,n=98).对南京地区的情景预测结果表明:大气CO₂浓度升高促进稻麦作物的固碳能力;气温升高会降低水稻和小麦的碳固定,但对小麦的影响要小于水稻;在当前情景及未来情景(CO₂浓度为540μmol·mol^-1,温度增加1～4℃)下,氮肥施用对小麦碳固定的促进作用大于水稻,氮肥施用量高于150 kg·hm^-2时对2种作物的碳固定没有显著的促进作用,甚至降低水稻的净初级生产力.     

黑龙江省过去20年粮食作物种植格局变化及其气候背景

根据黑龙江省1980～1999年的气候资料和1980～2000年水稻、小麦、玉米等主要粮食作物播种面积等统计资料,利用快速聚类分析方法分析了气候变化背景下黑龙江省主要粮食作物的种植格局和种植界限变化情况。结果表明:在过去20年里,全省主要粮食作物的播种面积变化显著。特别是进入20世纪90年代,水稻播种范围向北向东扩张趋势明显,种植面积比重显著增加;小麦种植面积比重快速降低,种植范围大幅向北退缩;玉米则在保持一个相对稳定的比例关系的基础上,逐渐向北部和东部伸展。粮食种植结构的这种调整使水稻逐渐取代小麦成为黑龙江省主要粮食作物之一,并最终导致该区主要粮食作物种植格局从以小麦和玉米为主转变为以玉米和水稻为主。上述粮食作物种植格局的变化与气候变暖带来的积温增加及积温带北移东扩密切相关。     

干旱河谷区退耕还林的意义与效益 ——以阿坝州小金县为例

在生态考察和资料调研的基础上 ,以阿坝州小金县为例 ,探讨了四川省干旱河谷区退耕还林的思路及效益 ,认为退耕还林对于干旱河谷区、生态脆弱区、旅游资源丰富地区具有重大的现实意义。     

Trace element concentration in wheat grain: results from the Swedish long-term soil fertility experiments and national monitoring program

Concentrations of trace elements in wheat grain sampled between 1967 and 2003 from the Swedish long-term soil fertility experiments were analyzed using ICP-MS. The long-term effect of inorganic and organic fertilization on trace metal concentrations was investigated including the impact of atmospheric deposition and myccorhiza, whereas other factors such as soil conditions, crop cultivar, etc. are not discussed in this paper. Mean values derived from 10 experimental sites were reported. Significantly declining Pb and Cd concentrations in wheat grain could be explained by lower atmospheric deposition. Mean Se contents in all samples were 0.031 mg kg⁻¹ grain dry weight. No samples had sufficiently high Se concentrations for human (0.05 mg Se kg⁻¹) or animal demand (0.1 mg Se kg⁻¹). Concentrations of Co in wheat grain were extremely low, 0.002–0.005 mg Co kg⁻¹ grain dry weight, and far below the minimum levels required by animals, which applied to all fertilizer treatments. A doubling of Mo concentrations in grain since 1975 resulted in Cu/Mo ratios often below one, which may cause molybdenosis in ruminants. The increase in Mo concentrations in crops correlated with the decline in sulfur deposition. Concentrations of Cu and Fe declined in NPK-fertilized wheat as compared to unfertilized or manure-treated wheat. Very low concentrations of Se and Co and low concentrations of Fe and Cu require attention to counteract risks for deficiencies. The main characteristic of the study is that there are few significant changes over time between different fertilizer treatments, but throughout there are low concentrations of most trace elements in all treatments. In general, good agreement between concentrations in wheat from the long-term fertility experiments and the national monitoring program indicate that values are representative.     

Genetically engineered herbicide resistance,part two

Should we continue to support publicly funded research on genetically engineered herbicide resistant crops? In Part One, I discussed the difference between science and ethics, presented a brief history of weed control, and explained three moral principles undergirding my environmentalist perspective. I then argued that unqualified endorsement (E) of the research is unjustified, as is unqualified opposition (O). In Part Two, I argue against qualified endorsement (QE), and for qualified opposition (QO).     

江西铜矿及冶炼厂周边土壤和农作物稀土元素含量与评价

研究江西省铜矿开采和冶炼对周边农田土壤、农作物稀土元素含量的影响.结果表明,铜矿开采和冶炼可提高土壤及农作物稀土元素的含量.德兴银山铅锌铜矿和贵溪冶炼厂周边农田土壤中总稀土元素含量范围分别为112.42~397.02mg·kg-1和48.81~250.06 mg·kg-1,总稀土元素平均值分别为254.84 mg·kg-1和144.21 mg·kg-1,分别是江西省背景值的1.21倍和0.68倍,全国背景值的1.36倍和0.77倍,对照样点的3.59倍和2.03倍.贵溪冶炼厂周边10种农作物样品中总稀土元素含量范围为0.35~2.87 mg·kg-1,作物叶子中的稀土元素含量高于茎和块根.番茄、空心菜叶和萝卜叶中总稀土元素含量分别为2.87、1.58和0.80 mg·kg-1,均超过我国蔬菜和水果卫生标准的总稀土元素含量限值(0.70 mg·kg-1).矿区居民终身摄入稀土元素的总量为17.72μg·(kg·d)-1,低于安全剂量和临界值,对人体还不构成健康风险.研究结果说明在江西进行铜矿开采和冶炼时必须重视稀土元素对周边环境的影响.     

江西典型稀土矿区土壤和农作物中稀土元素含量及其健康风险评价

研究了江西省典型稀土矿区龙南县重稀土矿区土壤、水体和主要农作物中稀土元素的含量,并评价了稀土元素对人体产生的健康风险.结果表明,矿区土壤中稀土元素含量在538.73~1625.76 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为976.94 mg·kg-1,分别是江西省和全国土壤稀土元素含量背景值的4.53倍和5.09倍.矿区河水稀土元素浓度达55.72 mg·L-1,为对照区河水稀土元素浓度的8974.7倍.井水中稀土元素浓度为0.033mg·L-1,是对照区井水稀土元素浓度的10.55倍.10种农作物稀土元素含量范围为1.04~78.57 mg·kg-1,均超过我国蔬菜卫生标准稀土元素含量的限值(0.70 mg·kg-1).不同农作物品种稀土元素含量的大小顺序为:小白菜萝卜红薯包菜紫芋地瓜芋头辣椒西红柿稻米.参照美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险方法,评估了稀土元素经口摄入对人体产生的健康风险,发现矿区居民通过农作物和井水摄入的稀土元素日均摄入量的总和为295.33μg·kg-1·d-1,远高于稀土元素对人体亚临床损害剂量的临界值,说明稀土元素对矿区居民身体健康产生了严重的威胁.小白菜和萝卜对矿区居民食物日均稀土元素摄入量的贡献率高达76.92%,建议当地居民改变传统的种植模式和饮食结构,少种植和食用小白菜和萝卜,选择对稀土元素具有低积累的农作物品种,以降低稀土元素对人体健康的危害.     

中国秸秆资源的时空分布、利用现状与碳减排潜力

为了解中国农作物秸秆资源量近40年的变化趋势及当前的空间分布特征和主要利用方式,估算秸秆利用碳减排潜力,采用草谷比法对1981～2020年间全国农作物秸秆资源量进行了科学估算,分析了秸秆资源密度和人均资源量的时空分布特征,并估算了秸秆制备生物炭基肥的碳减排潜力.结果表明：(1) 1981～2020年我国农作物秸秆总量增长了4.39×10⁸ t,且总体呈不断增长的趋势.(2) 2020年全国作物秸秆理论资源总量约7.72×10⁸ t;水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆仍旧是主要的农作物秸秆种类,约占秸秆资源总量的84%.东北和华北地区秸秆资源量最丰富,东北地区人均资源占有量最高,约1.46 t;华北地区秸秆资源密度最高,达5.42 t·hm^-2.(3)我国农作物秸秆综合利用率逐年提高,目前主要以肥料化和饲料化利用方式为主,约占所有秸秆利用方式的77.5%.(4) 2020年我国可收集农作物秸秆资源可制备成生物炭2.04×10⁸ t,制备生物炭过程中可更新能源代替化石燃料可减少二氧化碳当量(CO_2e