1种钝化剂对3种水稻生长影响及降镉效果的研究

为了考察钝化剂对不同程度污染土壤及不同水稻品种的适应性,采用盆栽试验研究了2种程度镉污染农田土壤(轻度污染土壤和重度污染土壤)中钝化剂的修复效果以及3个品种水稻对镉的吸收。结果表明:添加钝化剂后,2种污染程度土壤的pH值在不同时期均显著提高(轻度污染土壤pH值提高了0. 18～0. 73,重度污染土壤pH值提高了0. 42～0. 71),土壤中pH值与土壤有效态Cd呈负相关性(轻度污染土壤的pH值与土壤有效态Cd相关系数为0. 77;重度污染土壤的pH值与土壤有效态Cd的相关系数为0. 91)。2种程度镉污染土壤分蘖期和成熟期的有效态Cd在施加钝化剂后明显降低(轻度污染土壤有效态Cd在分蘖期的最大降幅为30. 69%,在成熟期的最大降幅为25. 69%;重度污染土壤有效态Cd在分蘖期的最大降幅为6%,在成熟期的最大降幅为7. 5%)。糙米总Cd在施加钝化剂后也明显降低(轻度污染土壤的糙米总Cd降低幅度为59. 46%～66. 67%,重度污染土壤的糙米总Cd降低幅度为18. 71%～57. 60%)。施加钝化剂对水稻株高、叶绿素、有效穗、生物量及产量无显著性差异。此外,3个水稻品种的糙米Cd富集系数有一定的差异,2种污染程度土壤中水稻生长有差异。因此,钝化剂对3种水稻品种均具有降镉效果,且对3种水稻生长无负面影响。钝化剂对水稻生长轻度镉污染土壤的修复效果优于重度污染土壤的修复效果,施用钝化剂能使轻度污染土壤中糙米总Cd达标,不能使重度污染土壤中糙米总Cd达标;轻度污染土壤中水稻生长效果明显优于重度污染土壤中水稻生长。     

Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)在湘江流域河床表层沉积物上的吸附特性研究

以湘江流域河床表层沉积物为吸附剂,用于去除水中Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+),系统研究了沉积物对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附规律,并探讨了其吸附Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)后的化学稳定性。结果表明,当2种离子单独存在时,沉积物对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)均具有较好的吸附效果;当2种离子同时存在时,由于竞争作用,沉积物对Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附量分别减小了约40%和16%。对吸附平衡的溶液进行曝气和用双蒸水清洗吸附饱和的沉积物后,Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的释放比例较小,说明湘江流域河床表层沉积物吸附Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)后,其化学稳定性较好。沉积物的SEM、FTIR和XRD分析发现,沉积物结构多孔,表面含有大量—OH、—NH,这些基团在吸附重金属阳离子过程中起重要作用。研究结果表明,湘江流域河床表层沉积物对去除水中的Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)有较好的效果,该成果对湘江流域重金属污染控制具有重要参考价值。     

浮萍生物炭的老化作用对其性质及对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附的影响

为了研究老化作用对生物炭性质及其对重金属Cd吸附的影响,将浮萍生物炭(LM)分别进行了高温老化(high temperature aging)、冻融循环老化(freeze-thaw cyclesaging)和自然老化(spontaneous aging),通过SEM-EDS、FTIR和吸附实验探究可能存在的变化机理。结果显示:冻融循环老化和高温老化会使生物炭表面O/C分别增加56.98%和90.14%,自然老化比较缓慢,对生物炭O/C影响不大。高温老化使生物炭表面羟基转化为羧基,为羧基化过程;冻融循环老化会使生物炭表面羟基增加,其他官能团基本不变;自然老化条件下,生物炭表面官能团无明显变化。老化作用增强了生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附,冻融循环、高温、自然老化作用使LM最大平衡吸附量分别增加了32.67%,83.17%,15.97%。研究表明生物炭的老化会使生物炭本身性质发生变化,但这一变化有利于生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附,生物炭在环境中具有较好的稳定性。     

柚子皮生物炭的制备及对水体中锰离子的吸附

以柚子皮为原料经硫化钠活化后炭化处理制备了生物质炭吸附剂,并将之应用于含锰废水的吸附。考察了溶液p H值、底液质量浓度、生物炭投加量等因素对柚子皮生物炭吸附能力的影响,并研究了柚子皮吸附剂对锰离子废水的吸附平衡和动力学特征。结果表明:柚子皮吸附剂对含锰废水具备较强吸附能力,在溶液p H值为6,底液质量浓度为50 mg/L,吸附剂投加量为2 g/L的条件下,对锰离子的去除率为93.5%;吸附平衡实验表明该等温吸附过程符合Langmuir方程,饱和吸附量为24.691 mg/g;吸附动力学研究表明,该吸附过程符合二级动力学方程,吸附速率常数为0.028 6 g/(mg·min)。     

广东省土壤镉含量影响因子解析与评估

影响镉(Cd)含量的因子众多,包括自然影响因子和人为影响因子,而治理Cd污染首先应查明Cd污染来源及其影响因子,这对因地制宜制定Cd污染治理措施及指导相关产业布局具有重要意义.广东省地理状况复杂、经济发达,Cd含量分布区域间差异较大.因此,本文基于Cubist构建土壤Cd含量与相关影响因子关系模型,解析影响广东省土壤Cd含量的主要因子.结果表明:土壤pH值与土壤类型是影响广东省Cd含量最主要的因素,土壤Cd含量与土壤pH值呈正相关关系;赤红壤、砖红壤及紫色土中Cd含量相对较低,潮土、红壤、黄壤、水稻土及石灰土中Cd含量相对较高.Cd含量高值主要出现在第四纪、泥盆纪和石炭纪地质构造运动形成的土壤中.此外,植被指数、土壤粉粒、平均气温、高程、距道路及距河流距离也是影响广东省土壤Cd含量的主要因素.其中,土壤Cd含量与土壤粉粒、高程呈正相关关系,与植被指数、距道路距离、距河流距离呈负相关关系.本文研究结果可为土壤Cd污染治理提供科学的参考依据.     

组配改良剂对土壤-蔬菜系统铅镉转运调控的场地研究

以组配改良剂LS(石灰石∶海泡石=2∶1)为试验材料,通过对湘南某矿区附近铅镉复合污染旱地土壤进行现场改良钝化,研究施加不同量的LS(0、2、4、8 g·kg-1)对茄子和苋菜植株吸收累积Pb和Cd的影响以及对Pb和Cd在2种蔬菜植株各部位间转运的调控.结果表明:1施加LS能够显著提高土壤p H,降低土壤中交换态Pb和Cd的含量.2施加LS能显著降低2种蔬菜植株各部位中Pb和Cd的含量.LS施加量为2~8 g·kg-1时,茄子果实中Pb和Cd的含量分别降低44.7%~78.6%和36.0%~78.7%;苋菜植株茎叶中Pb和Cd的含量分别降低45.8%~59.1%和40.0%~87.2%.3LS的施加降低了2种蔬菜植株各部位间Pb和Cd的转运系数.2种蔬菜植株在根-茎-果实间或根-茎叶间转运Cd的能力大于Pb,且施加LS各处理下,同种蔬菜相同部位对Pb和Cd的转运能力大小关系保持不变.     

螯合剂-油菜联合修复对镉污染土壤酶活性的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究了在螯合剂-芥菜型油菜修复镉污染土壤中,不同浓度的3种螯合剂EDTA、EDDS和草酸对3种土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,3种螯合剂均显著提高了土壤总Cd去除率,其中EDTA的效果最好,最佳浓度为3 mmol/kg,此时土壤总的Cd去除率高达74.57%。EDTA诱导下土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性均显著提高,低浓度EDDS和草酸处理,蔗糖酶活性明显提高,但浓度较高时降到与对照组相当的水平;EDDS和草酸的施用对脲酶活性没有显著影响。3种螯合剂诱导下过氧化氢酶活性均受到轻微抑制,但变化不显著。仅在施加EDTA的土壤中蔗糖酶活性与土壤总Cd含量显著负相关,其他处理中蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性与土壤总Cd含量的相关性都不显著。     

A pilot study on the effect of Cu,Zn, and Cd on the spectral curves and chlorophyll of wheat canopy at tiller stage

The aim of this study was to investigate canopy spectral reflectance responses to different levels of heavy metals copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) induced stress. Random blocks design experiment was conducted to simulate Cu, Zn, and Cd at five concentration levels. Chlorophyll and visible and near infrared canopy reflectance were measured for each treatment 56 days after seeding using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 and spectroradiometer, respectively. New vegetative indices termed ratio of inclination angles (RIA), MERIS (the medium resolution imaging spectrometer) terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used to assess the response of canopy spectral reflectance to different heavy metal levels. Significant spectral variability especially in blue, red, and near infrared reflectance was observed for different heavy metal treatments. One-sample test showed significant difference for NDVI, MTCI, and RIA among five-level treatments at the 0.01 level. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the two vegetative indices (RIA and MTCI) were significantly correlated with chlorophyll meter values for Cd, Cu, and Zn treatments. However, NDVI was only significantly correlated with chlorophyll meter values for Cu and Zn treatments. Linear regression analysis also illustrated that RIA and MTCI were potential indices for predicting chlorophyll concentration with significant F test under Cu-, Zn-, and Cd-mediated stress.     

Habitat function of agricultural soils as affected by heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination

Ecotoxic activity of soils polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and heavy metals (HM) was evaluated in pot and laboratory experiments. Plants and soil microorganisms were chosen as test organisms and six different soil materials were used in the study. The applied levels of HM and PAH were aimed to reflect environmental conditions in the "worst case" situation. Zn(2+), Pb(2+) and Cd(2+) were introduced to the soils as an aqueous solution of the mixture of salts at the concentrations corresponding to 1000, 500 and 3 mg kg(-1), respectively. Mixture of four PAH compounds (flourene, anthracene, pyrene and chrysene) as a CH(2)Cl(2) solution was applied at levels of 10-100 mg summation operator 4PAH kg(-1). Population and activity of soil microflora was evaluated as measured of total bacteria counts, intensity of respiration and enzyme activity (dehydrogenases and phosphatases). Effect on plants was evaluated on the base of the growth (plant at an early stage of their development) and yield (mature plant) measurements. The results indicate that combined effect of PAH and heavy metals on soil microorganisms activity and on some plants at an early stage of their development can be stronger than in soils amended with HM or PAH separately. Reaction of tested organisms was related to soil properties, PAH concentration, time and plant species. Mature plants (maize) were insensitive to the applied levels of both group of contaminants.     

用几种溶样方法对典型土样中Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn的溶出情况比较

本文采用HNO_3、HCl-HNO_3、HNO_3-H_2SO_4-HClO_4,溶洋方法消解土样,用原子吸收法测定题述中的元素,并与HCl-HNO_3-HF-HClO_4全消解方法进行了比较.发现除用HF以外的其它酸溶法Pb、Cr的溶出较少溶出比分别低于55％和67％,主要原因是Pb、Cr包藏在土壤的矿物晶格中。