耕地土壤铜、镉、锌形态及生物有效性研究

土壤重金属总量常被用来评估土壤质量安全,但是大量事实说明单纯用土壤重金属总量并不能完全说明土壤重金属的生物有效性及其环境风险。相对于国内外常用的Tessier的五态方法,欧共体标准物质局提出的三步提取法（BCR法1,中国地质调查局地质连续提取法的七态标准少见报道。本研究选取河南平原耕地样品,采用中国地质调查局地质连续提取法（DD2005．03）进行耕地中重金属元素（Cu、Cd、Zn）的形态分布,结果表明：Cu、Zn主要以残渣态存在,其残渣态分别占全量的55．80％和67．35％。Cd以离子交换态为主,占全量的27．30％。Cu、Cd、Zn各态含量占全量比例的顺序是,Cu：残渣态〉弱有机结合交换态〉铁锰氧化态〉碳酸盐结合态〉强有机结合态〉水溶态〉离子交换态。Cd：离子交换态〉弱有机结合交换态〉强有机结合态〉残渣态〉碳酸盐结合态〉铁锰氧化态〉水溶态。Zn：残渣态〉铁锰氧化态〉弱有机盐结合态〉离子交换态〉强有机结合态〉碳酸盐态〉水溶态。从生物可利用性系数k来看,Cd主要以活动性较大的状态存在,很容易被作物吸收。     

氯氰菊酯与Cd2+对土壤微生物量及酶活性的联合效应

为了揭示氯氰菊酯与Cd2+复合污染对土壤环境质量的影响变化规律,采用室内模拟试验方法,研究氯氰菊酯(5、20和50 mg·kg-1)单一污染、Cd2+(5和20 mg·kg-1)单一污染及氯氰菊酯与Cd2+[(5+5)mg·kg-1和(20+20)mg·kg-1]复合污染对土壤微生物量碳(MC),微生物量氮(MN)及蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性的影响.结果表明,复合污染、Cd2+单一污染均可降低MC和MN值,表现为抑制效应;而氯氰菊酯单一污染则表现为激活效应,且该效应与氯氰菊酯浓度呈正相关.氯氰菊酯单一污染对土壤蛋白酶活性影响较小,对蔗糖酶活性影响呈现先抑制后激活再恢复的效应,对脲酶活性影响呈现先激活再恢复的效应.(5+5)mg·kg-1复合污染处理土壤酶活性与对照相比差异较小,而(20+20)mg·kg-1复合污染可有效激活蔗糖酶活性,抑制脲酶活性.以复合污染指标Pd判定氯氰菊酯与Cd2+的交互效应,结果表明,氯氰菊酯与Cd2+复合污染对土壤质量的影响表现为加和效应.     

醋酸改性纳米黑碳对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)吸附能力的研究

用醋酸对黑碳进行改性,通过改性纳米黑碳(MBC)对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附/解吸试验,探究MBC对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附特性及吸附稳定性。结果表明,Cu2+和Cd2+在MBC上的吸附动力学过程可分为快吸附和慢吸附两个阶段,且MBC对Cu2+的吸附效率大于Cd2+。Cu2+和Cd2+在MBC上的吸附等温线均能用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合,Cu2+和Cd2+在MBC上的最大吸附量分别为13.513、11.364mg/g,且MBC对Cu2+和Cd2+均为优惠吸附。MBC上Cu2+和Cd2+的解吸量均随着吸附量的增加而增大,易解吸态Cu2+在MBC上的解吸率为6.12%~10.25%,Cd2+为9.58%~11.81%,MBC对Cu2+的吸附稳定性大于Cd2+。将醋酸改性与已有改性方法对比,表明醋酸改性条件温和、能耗低、经济环保,将有很大的研发前景。     

烧结机共处置过程中重金属Cd、As的挥发特性研究

选取优级纯化学试剂Cd Cl2和As2S3来模拟危险废物中的重金属,按一定比例将其与烧结矿原料均匀混合后进行共处置煅烧。主要研究了在煅烧过程中Cd和As的挥发规律,同时对煅烧所得烧结矿进行消解实验求得固化的重金属量。实验结果表明,Cd的挥发率随着温度的升高和时间的增加而不断增大,直到达到一个平衡而不再继续增大,对Cd的挥发进行动力学模拟得到挥发率α与煅烧温度T和煅烧时间t的关系式为α=1-exp(-0.669exp(-3567.6/T)t)。而As则呈现出温度越高挥发率越低的规律,当温度为1 200℃时,煅烧75 min后As的挥发率仅为9.8%,即共处置过程中As与烧结矿原料发生化学反应而固化下来,挥发较少,可认为对人体健康和环境造成的危害较小。     

乙二胺还原的氧化石墨烯对镉离子的动态吸附

以乙二胺(EDA)还原氧化石墨烯(GO)制得一种吸附剂材料,即还原态氧化石墨烯(RGO)。考察了动态条件下Cd2+溶液的初始浓度、流速及吸附床高度对穿透曲线的影响,同时利用Bed-Depth-Service Time(BDST)模型对吸附床高度与穿透时间的关系进行线性拟合分析,研究了RGO对Cd2+溶液的动态吸附性能。结果表明,RGO可以有效地去除水溶液中的Cd2+,随着吸附床高度的增加,离子的去除率增大,穿透时间延长;当溶液初始浓度增大时穿透时间缩短,离子的去除率减小;而溶液的流速加快,穿透时间和去除率都相应减小。吸附床高度与穿透时间的关系可用BDST模型较好地进行描述,预测新的操作条件下的穿透时间与实验值误差均小于5%。     

CNTs-CeO_2/H_2O_2复合光催化氧化体系降解水中酸性橙Ⅱ

运用"化学沉淀法",将Ce O2负载到碳纳米管(CNTs)上制备复合光催化剂,采用"单因素实验法"优化了制备条件。运用透射电镜和X射线衍射仪对复合光催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,负载到CNTs上的Ce O2为多晶面心立方结构,尺寸大小在6~10 nm之间,其在CNTs上分散效果好,负载均匀且负载率高。在溶液p H为5,CNTs-Ce O2用量为0.50g/L并光照2 h后,酸性橙Ⅱ的光脱色率和TOC去除率分别达到64.71%和44.25%;加入0.02 mmol/L H2O2后,CNTsCe O2/H2O2复合体系对酸性橙Ⅱ的光脱色率和TOC去除率分别提高至91.35%和82.40%。这预示着CNTs-Ce O2/H2O2复合光催化氧化体系在对水中偶氮染料的光催化处理方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

生物质炭对溶液中Cd~(2+)的吸附

以玉米秸秆、稻壳在350~500℃制成的生物质炭作为吸附剂,研究其对溶液中Cd2+的吸附特性。通过模拟实验,考察了初始p H、生物质炭用量、吸附时间和Cd2+的起始浓度对吸附的影响。结果表明,2种生物质炭对Cd2+的吸附反应适应p H范围较宽(4.0~7.0);玉米秸秆炭和稻壳炭对Cd2+的吸附速度较快,分别在10和20 min时达到吸附平衡;玉米秸秆炭对溶液中Cd2+的吸附遵循Langmuir等温线模型,而稻壳炭对Cd2+的吸附遵循Freundlich等温线模型。在实验设定的条件下,玉米秸秆炭对溶液中Cd2+的吸附能力强于稻壳炭。     

Remediation capacity of Cd and Pb ions by mycelia of Imleria badia,Laetiporus sulphureus,and Agaricus bisporus in vitro cultures

The goal of this study was to evaluate cadmium and lead accumulation ability of in vitro cultures biomass containing selected edible mushroom species derived from the environment (Laetiporus sulphureus, Imleria badia) and those of commercial origin (Agaricus bisporus). Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to evaluate the content of Cd(II) and Pb(II) on the medium supplemented with Cd(II) or Pb(II), each of them at the same concentration of 5·10^?5 M. The highest concentration of Cd(II) ions was determined in the biomass from L. sulphureus in vitro cultures, while the highest concentration of Pb(II) ions was found in the biomass from A. bisporus in vitro cultures. The greatest Cd(II) and Pb(II) accumulation ability in mycelium per dry weight was shown for L. sulphureus. Among the test species, biomass of A. bisporus showed the lowest ability for the bioaccumulation of Cd(II); however, comparable ability for the remediation of Pb(II) was provided by the biomasses from A. bisporus and I. badia in vitro cultures. The results confirm the possibility of using these mushroom species for remediation and indicate the relationship between bioaccumulation of heavy metals and the test species.     

The effects of alginate microspheres on phytoremediation and growth of Lemna minor in the presence of Cd

Today, the removal of increased amount of contaminant concentrations in nature such as metals, nanoparticles, has become an essential issue to struggle with. In this paper, both the toxic effects of non-essential Cd on Lemna minor in presence of alginate microspheres and metal removal capacity of Cd-exposed L. minor and microspheres were investigated. Three test groups were constructed: group (L) containing Lemna, group (M) containing alginate microsphere and group (L?+?M) containing alginate microsphere and Lemna. Five different levels of Cd concentrations were added into these groups. Estimation models were constructed to estimate Cd removal capacities of L. minor and microspheres, and time-concentration-dependent growth (GRC) rates of both microsphere-containing and non-containing groups were modelled by regression analysis. It was seen that microspheres alone only had no positive or negative effects on Lemna growth. It was observed that, for all test groups the time-dependent growth rate has both increase–decrease trends in general. The toxicity effect of Cd on Lemna growth was reduced by adding microspheres into medium. Furthermore, the results stated that test groups containing only microspheres (M, 0–97.56%) and consortium groups (M?+?L, 0–98.26%) were slightly more successful in Cd removal process compared to Lemna (L) groups (L, 0–97.32%).     

Characterisation of early responses to cadmium in roots of Salix matsudana Koidz

This study deals with the characterisation of early responses of roots of Salix matsudana in respect to oxidative stress, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms when exposed to 50 μmol/L Cd. Within 12 h, the root length is reduced and the contents of O₂^??, H₂O₂, and malondialdehyde are increased by 49%, 43%, and 35%. Cd is mainly retained in the cell walls; small amounts are distributed into other cell organelles. The largest proportion of Cd is found in the NaCl extractable, pectate-, and protein-integrated fraction.