金属硫蛋白基因工程菌对Cd的去除研究

研究了金属硫蛋白基因工程菌对温度的耐受性,以及在一定温度条件下对Cd的去除率。通过10～50℃温度范围内的静态实验,表明枣金属硫蛋白基因工程菌的温度耐受范围为10～50℃,在工程菌的OD值能维持在2左右时,表明金属硫蛋白基因工程菌的最佳温度范围为25～45℃。通过陶瓷和活性炭两种填料的动态实验,考察了在不同温度条件下基因工程菌对Cd的富集情况,表明在陶瓷填料中基因工程菌下对Cd的去除率达到98.5%。     

伯克氏菌Y4对水稻幼苗镉损伤和镉吸收的影响

为探明伯克氏菌Y4(Burkholderia sp.Y4)对镉(Cd)胁迫下水稻幼苗的生长和Cd吸收积累的影响及其作用机制,以水稻低Cd积累品种湘早籼24(X24)和高Cd积累品种T优705(T705)为材料,通过水稻种子萌发和幼苗试验,利用非损伤微测技术和原子吸收等检测方法,研究外源施加伯克氏菌Y4对Cd胁迫下水稻生...     

苏南经济快速发展区土壤有效态镉含量影响因素及分布特征

研究了农田土壤有效态镉含量的影响因素及分布特征。结果表明：① 土壤有效态Cd含量总体较高,平均值为0.092 mg/kg,最大值高达0.354 mg/kg,且土壤Cd的平均活化率高达53%,Cd是该区主要的重金属污染物之一;②土壤表层有效态Cd含量与全Cd含量呈极显著正相关,回归分析表明该区农田土壤有效态Cd含量主要受全Cd含量的影响;③在不同经济功能区,有效态Cd和土壤Cd的活化率均以化工区为高,在不同地貌区,二者均以中部平原区最高,中部平原区Cd的活化率显著高于北部洼区;④在土壤剖面上,土壤有效态Cd含量和土壤Cd的活化率均以表层为高,表明土壤Cd的环境风险主要集中在表层20 cm。     

锌、镉复合污染对重金属蓄集植物黑麦草养分吸收及锌、镉积累的影响

采用根袋盆栽试验研究了锌、镉单一及复合污染对重金属蓄集植物黑麦草(Lolium perenne L．)生长、养分吸收及锌、镉积累的影响．结果表明,锌、镉单一及复合污染对黑麦草生物量存在不同程度的抑制作用．锌、镉单一及复合污染均明显降低了黑麦草植株N、P、K含量,以锌、镉复合污染对植株养分吸收的抑制作用最大．锌、镉污染共存下,黑麦草对锌、镉的吸收为协同效应．黑麦草吸收的锌、镉主要集中在地上部,以锌、镉复合污染植株对锌、镉的蓄集量最大,其地上部锌、镉含量分别达到3108．72、73．97 mg·kg-1．     

叶面调理剂对复合污染农田小麦籽粒Cd、As和Pb累积的阻控效应

针对麦田土壤镉（Cd）、砷（As）和铅（Pb）复合污染问题,采用田间小区试验,于拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆初期对小麦进行叶面单独和混合喷施Zn（0.2% ZnSO₄）、Mg（0.4% MgSO₄）和Mn（0.2% MnSO₄）处理,以期探究叶面调理剂对小麦籽粒Cd、As和Pb累积的阻控效应,最终筛选出适用于北方重金属复合污染区有效阻控小麦籽粒中Cd、As和Pb累积的叶面调理剂.结果表明,与对照相比,叶面喷施Zn+Mg+Mn复配溶液能够显著降低小麦籽粒中Cd、As和Pb含量,降幅分别为18.96%、23.87%和51.31%,TF_{籽粒/秸秆}分别降低了14.62%、27.73%和47.70%,该叶面调理剂能够通过抑制Cd、As和Pb从小麦茎叶到籽粒的转运进而降低其在籽粒的累积;研究还发现,对照的籽粒中Cd和As主要分布在中心胚乳（34.08%~37.08%）,而Pb主要分布在果皮和种皮（27.78%）.喷施Zn+Mg+Mn复配溶液可显著降低Cd和As在糊粉层含量,分别比CK降低81.10%和82.24%,而Pb除果皮和种皮、中心胚乳外,各层次Pb含量均显著降低（降幅为42.85%~91.15%）,各层次面粉只有糊粉层（P2）重金属含量与Zn含量呈显著负相关.综上所述,对于北方石灰性土壤Cd、As和Pb中度复合污染农田,于小麦拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆初期各喷施一次Zn+Mg+Mn复配的叶面调理剂,可有效阻控Cd、As和Pb在小麦籽粒尤其是糊粉层的累积.在此基础上,可通过去除麦麸来进一步降低重金属尤其是Cd的污染,保证小麦安全生产和粮食安全.     

球果蔊菜脯氨酸的积累及与Cd耐性的关系

采用盆栽方法,以风花菜(Rorippa islandica)为对照植物,研究Cd超积累植物球果蔊菜[Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Thell.]脯氨酸的积累、丙二醛含量、生物量及叶绿素含量的变化,及其与Cd生物积累的关系.结果显示,Cd处理能明显促进2种植物体内脯氨酸的积累,当土壤中Cd浓度≤25μg/g时,球果蔊菜叶片脯氨酸的积累效应尤为显著;此时叶片生物量、叶绿素及丙二醛含量与对照相比均无显著差异,表明其叶片脯氨酸的积累在一定程度上可缓解Cd胁迫造成的氧化损伤.相关分析表明,球果蔊菜根系脯氨酸可指示球果蔊菜根系中Cd的积累.     

Relationship between plant biodiversity and heavy metal bioavailability in grasslands overlying an abandoned mine

Abandoned metal mines in the Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid, Spain, are often located in areas of high ecological value. This is true of an abandoned barium mine situated in the heart of a bird sanctuary. Today the area sustains grasslands, interspersed with oakwood formations of Quercus ilex and heywood scrub (Retama sphaerocarpa L.), used by cattle, sheep and wild animals. Our study was designed to establish a relationship between the plant biodiversity of these grasslands and the bioavailability of heavy metals in the topsoil layer of this abandoned mine. We conducted soil chemical analyses and performed a greenhouse evaluation of the effects of different soil heavy metal concentrations on biodiversity. The greenhouse bioassays were run for 6 months using soil samples obtained from the mine polluted with heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) and from a control pasture. Soil heavy metal and Na concentrations, along with the pH, had intense negative effects on plant biodiversity, as determined through changes in the Shannon index and species richness. Numbers of grasses, legumes, and composites were reduced, whilst other species (including ruderals) were affected to a lesser extent. Zinc had the greatest effect on biodiversity, followed by Cd and Cu. When we compared the sensitivity of the biodiversity indicators to the different metal content variables, pseudototal metal concentrations determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were the most sensitive, followed by available and soluble metal contents. Worse correlations between biodiversity variables and metal variables were shown by pseudototal contents obtained by plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Our results highlight the importance of using as many different indicators as possible to reliably assess the response shown by plants to heavy metal soil pollution.     

Relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China

This paper studied the relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China. 50 herbaceous plant samples of 9 plant species from 4 families and 50 soil samples were collected and then ana1yzed for the tota1 concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil samples were 3772.83, 168.81, and 5385.65 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were 395.68, 28.14, and 1664.20 mg/kg in the shoots, and 924.12, 57.25, and 1778.75 mg/kg in the roots, respectively. Heterospecific plants at the same site and conspecific plants at various sites had different average levels of Pb, Cd, and Zn, both in the shoots and the roots. Enrichment coefficients of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 2, 3, and 9 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. Translocation factors of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 10, 17, and 25 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. In all 50 samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn between the shoots and the roots, the shoots, and the soils, and the roots and the soils had significant positive relationships.     

镉污染农田农业生态整治与安全高效利用模式

传统的镉污染治理策略多以改造和净化环境、恢复土壤质量为宗旨。作者从有效利用污染农田的角度,提出了农业生态整治策略,即将污染农田作为一种特殊资源,通过发掘利用生物（植物）自身的耐（抗）镉基因,使污染土地在农业领域重新获得安全而高效的利用。介绍了对某铀矿区近40hm²镉污染农田进行治理利用的成功实践。通过采用桑蚕生产模式替代粮作生产模式,杜绝了污灌污染,消除了食物链中镉的危害,使土壤生产力得到恢复,农田年均产值比水稻模式提高2880元/hm²,比种玉米提高8880元/hm²,利税增加1980元/hm²,耕层土壤镉含量年平均下降1.33mg/kg。还论述了镉在桑树中的分布特征及其对桑树生长和蚕茧质量的影响。     

凹凸棒土基磁性复合材料对水溶液中Cu(Ⅱ)和氯酚的吸附特性

针对粉末状凹凸棒土在实际应用中难以固液分离的问题,采用铁酸钴对有机改性后的凹凸棒土(OAT)进行磁性负载,制备凹凸棒土基铁酸钴磁性复合材料(MOAT),探究它对水溶液中Cu(Ⅱ)和氯酚的双组分吸附性能。结果表明,与凹凸棒土原土相比,MOAT对氯酚的吸附量明显提高,且在外加磁场的条件下能够快速实现固液分离。单组分溶液体系中,MOAT的吸附速率很快,对Cu(Ⅱ)和氯酚的吸附分别在150 min和40 min即可达到吸附平衡。在pH值=5的双组分溶液体系中,Cu(Ⅱ)的存在对MOAT吸附氯酚的性能有很大影响,而氯酚对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附量则影响很小,MOAT优先吸附Cu(Ⅱ)。无机盐离子的存在会促进MOAT对两种物质的吸附性能,增加吸附量。